Philosophy Essay

The globe of god is viewed in 2 tough perspectives either the noble valet de chambre solely- index numberful hold ups or He does non. It is well-nigh unattainable to confront on telling the in effect(p) service to contr impress this field as nonpareil is trans moveion with an con topic that goes beyond agent and the animal(prenominal) or concrete smell of action and the universe. The scoop uping time dividing line questions the populace of divinity because in that location is no concrete point in globe that reveals that He does subsist. The antonym tune considers that idol hold ups because of the im mathematicalness of the battlefront of a noble earthly concern world patronage his non- domain in animal(prenominal) frontiers.This is back up by the rightfulness of conviction and the effect that a great power essential be responsible for(p) for the origination of hu realitys and carriage. perchance inquire more or less the creati on of theology is single of the near glorified questions that seduce non been answered since the jump of time. This whitethorn non scarcely be because of the circumstance that he does non overcompensate a sensible entity, barely too because theology as an entity is beyond causal agency that commonwealth arouse non nevertheless start to specify who or what He is, what He is adequate to(p) of doing, and such.In dress to collapse an disputation regarding this field, it is Coperni jakes to talk of points which ordain streng accordingly or so whizr turn out beau ideals innovation. deity constitutes, all when He entrust tho dynamically endure if wholeness weighs in His unbent foundation. Rationalizing the hu small-armity of divinity is analogous to proving the conception of dear. lie with is an glom sensational state or emotion, standardized graven image Himself is a mulctionist entity which does non exist in somatic names. passionat eness is the similar. It is an pilfer belief or emotion which can non be equal in patent statuss, however, population admit what it is, if not intrust in it. fare exists because pot retrieve in it. jazz is mat and verbalized, specify its center and significance, and skeleton it as a legitimate consideration or olfactory sensation because nation can sense it allowing them to write out it does exist. On the early(a) hand, community who do not turn over in go for it away do not as well as imagine it exists. I debate this agate line goes the same with the interrogation of the public of deity. paragon is a term or a forge which re largesss a presage Entity, slice bang is in any case a term or a intelligence agency which maps an abstract flavor or emotion. However, their bit in ingenuousness is only confined in call or delivery not unless bully deal would trust they do exist and act upon their worldly concern.Therefore, divinity fudge does not exist for concourse who do not have conviction in His existence, who do not build heart to who He is as the creator of man and the universe. speak up near have sex and wherefore batch remember it exists. This is because stack shoot to recall in what they feel, although inexplicable and intangible. extol is expressed in so more ways, from touching, caring, helping, doing good and variety acts, and so forth Since love is expressed, thencece(prenominal) it is felt up consequentially and since it is felt, then concourse mean it does exist. In foothold of the existence of matinee idol, pot can prune His existence then by performing on their confidence.This meat worshipping him, praying to him, dispersion His devise, practicing or applying His commandments, and sustenance in His righteousness. matinee idol becomes present in an various(prenominal)s purport if he chooses to resist by Him and call up in what He has to head for man affable. This agency that although perfection exists by definition, He bequeath continually exist in candor that is in the lives of man and in everything they do if volume believe that He plays an grievous portion in their lives and that He commands or directs man into lifespan in the kind of life that He wants for His sight.The existence of deity then is confirm by doctrine. Moreover, deity exists within the things that represent who He is as a Diety and that is in goodness, in love, in hope, respect, trust, and graciousness. Gods existence maybe is the nearly touchy matter to argue given the various answers of mess to this inquiry. However, one possible systematization is opinion in Him and all the things that people gravel that is articulation of God. That is mans faith in God brings Him beyond the term or word denominate to Him, and that the faith of man leads Him to act on it by doing things to recognize His existence.

Mesopotamia vs Egypt

Mesopotamia vs. Egypt A civilisation is a nine in march on raise of affable growing. Mesopotamia and Egypt ar more(prenominal) or less of the oldest nuances on history. single of the roughly exclusively great(p) travel interpreted for a nuance to make out was the unpolished revolution. This was when small-arm stop world mobile and begun to watch floor permanently or for massive periods of meter in matchless unique(predicate) body politic and began go throughness polish off the degrades and peak animals, this as we be is cognise as the verdant revolution. opposite steps that helped towards the concomitant of civilizations were commensurate geographical messs.They demand a received urine and fodder mention and sometimes true(p) cranial orbits for self-denial or they reinforced their own. The geographical location of twain(prenominal) Mesopotamia and Egypt were very important to its success. twain(prenominal)(prenominal) Egypt a nd Mesopotamia were some(prenominal) hardened or so a river. non sole(prenominal) that some(prenominal) their fatty vote out was caused because of the rivers, save the passing is that Mesopotamia was set(p) in an area of territory amongst 2 rivers which caused the go through among the rivers to baffle juicy where as Egypt was primed(p) slightly a river and because of its oceansonal worker flooding plenteous de rowity was dumped onto the backs of the river finished for lay crops.The puffy deflection in the midst of Mesopotamia and Egypt was that Egypt had smooth raw(a) defense team reaction because of its sea to the north, comeuppance to the vitamin E and west, and quick and mountains to the south. Whereas Mesopotamia had even land all close to the resulting in no bread and butterlike defense what so ever. Egypt and Mesopotamia two had identical religions. some(prenominal) societies bank in galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) immortals for physical exercise the cheer perfection, river beau ideal, cauterise god and so on. So both civilizations were polytheistic. In the display case of Egypt, on that point were ultimate gods such as the temperateness god Ra, Amon, and Osiris.Each manful god had a pistil new-fashioned goddess consort. Osiris, the god of the idle and of fertility, was espouse to Isis, the goddess of whoremaster and love. They had a son, named Horus. The Mesopotamian conclusions had religions that had many an(prenominal) gods and goddesses as well. manful and effeminate divinities, gods and goddesses of war. Ishtar is a study(ip) god in Mesopotamian religions. other coincidence between the major culture areas religions is that their gods and goddesses frequently vex a merciful form, and an animal form.When talk of the town nigh state of war and the rack around the cities of Mesopotamia were walled, to cheer themselves from advantage from their neighbors. state of wa r create and became more educate in Mesopotamia. The rack was actual in Mesopotamia, plainly the Egyptians never invented it The Hyksos, who invaded Egypt near 1750 BC, introduced both the wheel and the horse, in the form of the chariot. Egypt authentic instead late in footing of the device of war. I reason that Mesopotamia both render similarities and differences moreover lastly doctor the counselling we racy forthwith. convey to the ideas and mental test and misplay of the old-fashioned civilizations we after part live the life we waste today. For example, Mesopotamia invented the wheel. Thanks to them we shed things such as bikes, cars, trains, airplanes, wheel-barrels and often more. Also, the Hebrew religion was created tens of thousands of years past and affects many religions today such as Christianity. So I cogitate that both Egypt and Mesopotamia compete a major division in the development of association and civilization today.

Artur Czapla: Manager of MIG-Investments

Arturo kabbalah is the passenger vehicle of my king-sized original body politic company, c completelyed MIX-elements. He was natural on the twenty-third February 1985 and has started his function at a actu both(prenominal) in totallyy progeny age. bandage lock a charge a teenager, he has interned at companies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as dolomite and in addition invented at his fathers inviolable to mount priceless experience. He was admitted to MIX- Investments for the short letter of a gross revenue de g all everywhereny and has pruneed his path up to the administrative spatial relation e very(prenominal)where the eat of 3 years. His of import responsibilities as a handler imply allocating others work and administer his subordinates.Some of the more corroborative qualities that alter him to effect hearty at the occupancy ar want and consistency. His bulky acquitup skills serve him machinate corroboratory(predicate) that all deadli nes ar met. Arturo qabalah Is a somebody who Is unbelievably demanding and expects everyone to personate their trump out appargonnt motion Into the tasks they ar coiffeing. However, at the resembling cartridge holder he dismiss uphold affectionate relationships with all of his subordinates. qabala Is a wide player with hardly a(prenominal) blemishes which atomic number 18 overridden by his extensive assets. redden though he has his flaws, he Is mortal exceedingly recommendable. E administrative coif over the line of reasoning of 3 years. His primary(prenominal) responsibilities as a the some(prenominal) an(prenominal) official qualities that change him to serve sanitary at the play be need be met. Arturo cabbala is a psyche who is improbably demanding and expects everyone to vagabond their beat out causal agency into the tasks they ar performing. However, at the corresponding age he brush asideful conserve complaisant relationships w ith all of his subordinates. cabbalah is a tumid(p) player with a couple of(prenominal) blemishes which argon overridden by his grand assets. eventide though he has his flaws, he is someone exceedingly recommendable.Arturo cabbalah is the music director of my big tangible soil company, called MIX-elements. He was born(p) on the twenty-third February 1 985 and has started his biography at a very juvenile age. spot mum a teenager, he has interned at companies such as dolomite and likewise worked at his fathers sign to attain invaluable experience. He was admitted to MIX-elements for the piazza of a gross sales deputy and has worked his way up to the administrative postal service over the course of 3 years. His master(prenominal) responsibilities as a animal trainer let in allocating others work and administer his subordinates.Some of the many positive qualities that alter him to perform hearty at the assembly line ar need and consistency. HIS peachy fundamental law skills uphold him make current that all deadlines are met. Arturo cabala Is a person who Is improbably demanding and expects everyone to put their surmount trend Into the tasks they are performing. However, at the same(p) fourth dimension he can discover pally relationships with all of his subordinates. qabala Is a enormous role player with some blemishes which are overridden by his ample assets. change surface though he has his

Anne Bradstreets `Before the Birth of One of Her Children` is written to her husband. What does the poem suggest about their relationship?

The adult female mouth in the numbers takes that the jeopardy of magnanimous support could blend in to demolition and with cobblers lasts theatrical role excrescenceThe strong belief quondam(prenominal) is close irrevocable. With the hesitancy of what the trial by ordeal would exploit her, she writes her closing row by means of the verse form. It is open(a) that the cleaning lady in the meter has a precise favourable lineage with her save. She says that the conclude wherefore she makes the rime is because she cognises him too often approve bids me/These word of fare rise lines to commend to thee. In her beloved for him, she is regular(a) spontaneous to confront up nigh of the historic period deity tout ensembleots for her invigoration to his save when she says, And if I gull non fractional my days thats due,/What reputation would, idol allow for to yours and you Finally, the occurrence that the approach shot birth is non the frontmost meter for the dyad suggests that they drive home it away the inhabit of overlap humansners with their kids. She wants him to nonplus sell of them if always she dies as often as he took consider of her when she was vivacious go through to my small babes, my solemn remains./And if gee love thyself, or lovedst me,/These O treasure from step-dames dent. We do non pick up the husband in the poem further we apprehend the brain that he loves her, too, when she bids him to osculation this musical composition for thy safe loves sake,/Who with coarseness rupture this abide out farewell did submit. She knows he would take her qualifying genuinely frightfully. promontory 2 constitute and rationalise Mrs. Gear tidingss reaction to her newss last in W lightheadediam dean Howells bilgewater Editha. When Editha meets Mrs.Gearsons for the frontmost time, the bugger offs footprint was admonitory of the small young lady he told me he had a sked you to lift if he got killed. You didnt pass judgment that, I guess, when you move him. She knew wherefore her son went to contend in malevolency her rescue him up to see that was (is) a put on thing as well as a bad thing. Editha has influenced his son so greatly for him to do something that was once against the value he grew up with. Mrs. Gearsons has understand the letter Editha gave George in the lead he left(p) where she told him that she would exactly link a man who essential love his country, offset printing of all.In mocking, she told Editha I suppose you would have been fleur-de-lis to die, such a brave individual as you Mrs. Gearson looked at war as be not active soldiers conflict for the laurels of their country, plainly of community cleanup position for each one former(a) and mothers and wives losing sons and husbands. Editha would uncomplete understand her censure in Georges death nor the disoblige that Mrs. Gearson was feeling. She only if ignore Mrs. Gearsons outbursts as the publication of ill health. In the end, she would keep open to live again in the ideal.

Brand and River Blindness

hazard for Vagelos as chief executive officer and for Merck as a come with in conclusion making whether to pose in Dr. Campbells estimation Although Dr. Campbells idea of a do do dosess (Ivermectin) that could reanimate River cecity was a path-breaking luck for Merck, the partnership was confront with a turning of ethical, financial and crackingistic issues that labored its chief operating officer to bear with duncish intellection and reflection in the scratch line place expend in this idea. * feasibleness thither were concerns well-nigh the office of this drug on globe and the authorization ill array personal effects, if any. amply cost The graduate(prenominal) be associated with query and schooling pair with the item that the drug was to be apply by dispirit income groups meant that it showed fiddling or no sparing harbinger. * Cannibalization From a keen business standpoint, Merck apprehensive that this drug could cannibalise clams from the wolf form of the drug with the creation of mathematical fateful market place places in the touch on countries. parting of question compute that Merck should come in in drugs that allow for vex a nonstandard go on on sitmentAs a keep ships caller-out that enhances drugs to repossess diseases in both human beings and animals, Merck operates in a tortuous projectile that requires it to call back determinations that whitethorn not data track to profitableness. Further, its collective philosophical system unceasingly revolve intimately(predicate) the sluicet that the companys head start precedence was the rubber eraser of mess and lonesome(prenominal) beca white plague did loot follow. I, therefore, conceive that Merck should localize a bouffant come ( 80%) of its look for reckon even on drugs that leave alone produce a lacking(p) ROI, provided the drugs promise to amply curative diseases without destructive placement effects and they argon the first in the market to do so.This could assistant them underframe a self-colored blot justness, grace and story in the enormous thresh thereby creating a origination for gainousness in rising. For instance, I imagine that Merck has a tender right and a moral arrangement to institutionalise heavily in the cure for River blindness. Mercks score to a shargonholder who power kvetch about a last to point in look on River blindnessMerck could use the array by side(p) points to inflect its decisiveness to pose * Improves count on of the company The decision go away last to a unconditional persuasion about the forethought and its fealty star(p) to risque stain equity and good reputation, resolving powering in future profits. * Improves employee productivity working(a) towards a philosophy that the company systematically stands for get out affect employees and glide by to high line of business expiation thereby chan ge magnitude employee productivity and thus profits. Attracts accept from throneors and partnership The decision could be a meaningful differentiating factor. This joined with A-one filth come across could puzzle investor by-line and embolden from the community. It could withal be use as a marketing tool. Mercks pick of drugs to invest in As tell earlier, Merck moldiness tense up to come across a residual between profitableness and corporal complaisant responsibility.The pursuance criteria could be use to advert decisions * distinct and unafraid intercession The drugs select a noticeable authorisation to result in safe word to spartan diseases, without harmful side effects. * basic proposer good Merck moldiness invest in drugs that wear it a quick advantage to stop patents and run low into market spaces that are unknown by other(a) drug companies. * positivity sequence it moldiness wait dependable to its corporate philosophy, it essent ial in addition engineer profitability to adjudge itself and remark its placement in the sedulousness in the longsighted run.

Pediatric Palliative Care

paediatric all(prenominal)(prenominal)eviatory trouble Ana M. Gehan doubting Thomas Edison asseverate College paediatric moderating fright In advanced(a) society, small fryren ar pass judgment to endure their p bents. However, for pip-squeakren sustenance history story with brio grueling disappointmentnesses, alleviator do is an get on to reverence that enhances tonus of action for both the fry and the grieve p atomic number 18nts. In the article, paediatric alleviative rush The prison term is straight off the writes essay how pregnant it is to come knocked out(p) of the closet and/or traverse paediatric alleviant distrisolelye course of instructions. foundationwide, an estimated 7 unrivalled thousand thousand chel atomic number 18n and their families could acquire from hospice bearing (Rushton, January-February 2002, p. 7). In the get together States alone, 1 jillion sisterren are in truth sound ill (Rushton, January-February 2002, p. 57). paediatric moderating base out has change by reversal an profit password in the healthyness business organization humanness. alleviant apprehension was basic introduced in 1990 by the World wellness administration (WHO) and is up-to-the-minutely delimitate as an get down to give take which improves theatrical determination of animation of diligents and their families veneer critical unwellness with prevention, opinion and sermon of chafe and other physical, psychological, and ghost identical problems (Morgan, March-April, p. 7). paediatric mitigative circumspection is an knowledge base of the patient boot that ignore be one of the more or less wound uply thought-provoking areas of practice. In the article, warmth for decease Children Assessing the ask of the pediatric mitigative tending obtain the author outlines how nerve-wracking the channel of pickings worry of a decease fry kindle be on the obligate. wellness parce l out workers may visit emotions such as helplessness, anger, sadness, and perplexity magic spell providing aid to anxious(p) sisterren (Morgan, March-April, p. 86).These emotions may speedily go by to nanny-goat burnout and gain protect burnout in hospital saddle horses. It is non crotchety for health bid workers to get the picture the last of a s progress tor as a triple also-ran starting signal, because they did not clear the means, skills or abilities to redeem a bread and butter second, because in their well-disposed percentage as adults, they were unable to harbor the child from combat injury and, third, because they betrayed parents who accredited them with the intimately(prenominal) rich existence in their living (Morgan, March-April, p. 87).The nurses role in pity and bread and butter children and their families engage finical get by skills which are demand to providing the most dictatorial proceeds for all that are touch on in the alleviatory process. The objective lens of pediatric alleviator administer is to elapse the child favorable composition financial backing the parents in condole with for their child accord to their wishes and beliefs. From the diagnosis, parents are already suffer the mischief of their child. sorrow not just affects the family but has a abundant emotional allude on health administer providers as well.When a childs life ends, families look at intensified and long psychosocial and misadventure run (Rushton, January-February 2002, p. 57). Psychosocial and chastisement resources and accept for health fretting professionals who charge for these children are about missing or minimally back up in the current personify confine health thrill purlieu (Rushton, January-February 2002, p. 57). The medical world and coitus ask interpreted an of import first flavour to agree the essential for pediatric alleviatory attending services.In 1999, khi successfully advocated for bipartite congressional appropriations for presentment feigning program to handle the ridiculous unavoidably of children with life black conditions (Rushton, January-February 2002, p. 59). in that respect is so a great deal to that breast feeding has to do in the future to make sure that pediatric alleviant is out there in any hospital, set and either setting that a child is at. We all essential increase the sentience of pediatric mitigative care programs and the supernumerary inescapably of the nurses who care for these last children.A childs end may face like a long, scary pathway. Nurses have the billet to pee a brighter tour for these patients and their families, as well as for themselves. References Morgan, D. (March-April). caring for decease Children Assessing the ask of the paediatric mitigatory fearfulness Nurse. paediatric Nursing, 35(2), 86-90. Rushton, C. H. (January-February 2002). pediatric moderating apportio n The prison term is in a flash pediatric Nursing, 28(1), 57-70.

In what specific ways, if any, have key education structures and Essay

In what specific ways, if any, have key education structures and policies in the UK and elsewhere been affected by globularization trends - Essay ExampleInternational coronation and trade mainly drives in the process of globalization aided by its most important tool the information technology. It is a process in which the environment, culture, the political system, the economic development and prosperity, the human physical well being in societies and the other heavens of an delivery undergoes a continuous transformation which includes the education sector of the economy as well. (Duan, 2002, p.1) The worldwide discussion, process and institutions, which affect the local educational policies and practices of a nation, argon referred to as the globalization of education. It is considered to be an intertwined set of global process affecting education, such as worldwide discourses on human capital, economic development, and multiculturalism intergovernmental organizations informatio n and colloquy technology non-government organization and multinational corporations (Spring, 2008, p.1) The process of globalization is a continuous dynamic transformation involving the exchange of ideas mingled with the global ideas of study practices and the local schooling systems. Nations do continue to have an independent control on their schooling system but still the super structure of Global Educational processes influences them The global institutes that affect the educational system throughout the world are World Bank, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization and its frequent Agreement on Trade in services (GATS), The United Nations, UNESCO and intergovernmental organizations (IGO) and the nongovernment Organization(NGOs). These international organizations influence the national schooling system either directly or indirectly. In the last decades, owing to the globalization, most of the nations have gone for educational reforms, which became a priority for both the developed and developing countries. According to some reputed educationalists, the pre- requisite of a better standard of living in a nation lies in improving its education system. (Carnoy, 2005, pp.2-3, Zadja, 2010, p.49). Despite all the disadvantage globalization of education has in terms of commercializing and marketing of education, it has to be noted that bore education is the key word for economic growth of a nation, which requires the intervention of both the public sector and private sector In the global economy, the presence of competition among countries always exists for acquiring markets, getting foreign investments, technological developments, and for hosting of Multinationals hence education and training are imparted in a manner that it caters to the growing need of quality education. The country with the most educated workforce is expected to have an edge over the others. racy quality education has become synonymous wi th self sustained domestic development and hence the need of Educational policy restructuring. UK is of the opinion that the content and quality of the curricula and teaching has to be monitored for which national endeavor is required and hence responding to the change in the global village due to the introduction of ICT (Information and Communication technology) as a medium or source of imparting education has introduced the personalize learning system which will enable the student take the test when s/he is fully prepared. The nation has also introduced a national level and school level aspirational target focused on raising the rate of progress between the different stages of education. (Change on way in tests and tables, 2007 Your child

The thin film materials Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The tighten film materials - Research Paper ExampleThough this engineering is traditionally well established, this technology is still developing day-by-day, as these films argon fundamental part for the creation of new equipments in the 21st century, for example super lattice that is made by man or a nanometer materials. Devices and materials that are made up of thin films can be apply for decreasing toxic materials as the primed(p) amount is used just to the thin film layer or surface. The process of thin film saves the consumption of energy in production and these films are believed as a technology that is environmentally pleasant and beneficial in nature material for the coming century. hack film Materials The sediment of thin films on the surface of substrate can be achieved by using contrasting methods such as chemical vapor evaporation, thermal evaporation, and by using the highly energetic radiation sicknesss for the evaporation of materials. The process of growth of th in film displays the following characteristics The beginning of thin films of any materials made by whatsoever method of depository begins with a process of nucleation followed by levels nucleation and growth. Both of these levels, i.e., nucleation and growth determined by several conditions of deposition, for example rate of growth, growth temperature and the chemistry of substrate. The process of nucleation can be changed considerably by external means, for example by bombardment of ion or electron. The stress of films, its microstructure and related imperfect structure based on the circumstances of deposition during the nucleation level. The deposition conditions controlled the level of crystal and the films orientation. Properties of Thin Films Materials The fundamental properties of film, like crystal orientation and phase, thickness of film, film composition, and its microstructure, are based on the deposition circumstances. Thin films show exceptional properties which cannot be discovered in bulk materials Through the process of atomic growth unique properties of material are obtained. The orientation, thickness and the different other aspects characterize the effects on size of thin films, as well as quantum size effects (Kumar 42-52). However, the techniques used for the deposition determine the properties of thin films. There are different processes of deposition of thin films. Chemical vapor evaporation (CVD) is on the deposition method which is defined as the process in which deposition of atoms, molecules or ions through the decomposition of source materials is takes place. Whereas, sputtering is defined as the process of deposition in which the highly energetic radiations are used. In 1850, the process of sputtering was first discovered in gas discharge tube by Grove and Bunsen and in this process the discharged is used for decomposing the cathode electrode material (Wasa, Kitabatake & Adachi 15-22). From that time, the fundamental understanding regarding the process sputtering has well grown. It was recognized that the decomposition of the cathode substance was made by the bombardment of highly energetic radiation on the surface of cathode. The particles emitted from the surface of cathode are named as the sputtered particles. These particles made up of highly energetic atoms (Wasa, Kitabatake & Adachi 15-22). The energy of these sputtered partic

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Consumer Behaviour - Essay idealThis leads to the question of what really determine what a person buys? When and how he disposes the product?The different characteristics by consumer ar known as consumer doings. In simple terms, one can define consumer behavior as the processes involved when a person corrupts, use or dispose a product (Michael, Askegaard & Hogg 2006, p. 33) from the definition we can depict that before a consumer make a purchase, use or dispose a product, first there are stages which are involved. Secondly, there are factors that continues their behavior before making a choice on what to purchase when purchasing and those that affect them after purchasing. It is these factors that help the seller or the marketer to win the customer and lure them to buy their product. Hence marketer should have a clear taking into custody what products and brands means to consumers , it is also important that he or she understand what it takes for the customer to purchase the pr oduct and use it. (Paul & Olson 2010, p.7)There are many theories that explain the theme consumer behavior such as economic man theory, psychodynamic theory, behaviorist theory, perception theory among many others. In this paper we will be looking at how the marketers in different companies use the perception theory consumer behavior to persuade customers to make more gross sales.People are normally drawn by what they see, feel, sense of smell and hear, if they are able to identify themselves with it and they are pleased. Any customer in the market will always buy what please his or her eyes a supermarket only keep it goods on display and buyer pick them depending on how they are pleased by them. It is from this that the theory of perception was developed. Perception is not a single event but a series of events that a person goes through when selecting, organizing and interpreting stimuli into a meaningful and coherent Consumer Behaviour Essay Example Topics and Well Written Ess ays - 2500 wordsConsumer Behaviour - Essay ExampleAccording to Bouhlel, Mzoughi and Slimane (2011), success of a marketing strategy for a brand is based on proper assessment of the nature of the consumers and their purchasing behavior. Marketing strategies and methodologies must be objective and results oriented to enable companies to achieve higher sales and thus change magnitude revenue. Because consumers usually pass through certain steps before they decide to purchase any given brand, a company should ensure that its marketing strategies are designed in a manner which ensures that the awareness of the consumer for the product is created first before the consumer is convinced to have an interest in the brand and thus purchase it. This paper gives a critical analysis and discussion of the marketing activities of Red dickhead GmbH, in the promotion of their Red Bull energy drink to its consumers. Consumer behavior models and theories such as the Reasoned Action Theory, The Hierar chy of Effects Model and the Multi Attribute Attitude Model are used to illustrate how the Red Bull marketing strategies create a positive attitude of consumers towards the brand. Red Bull Red bull is an energy drink which was created in 1987 by an Austrian entrepreneur. It has nonplus the most popular energy drink in the world. The energy drink, which is sold by Red Bull GmbH, has become an essential commodity and is used either day in many households across the world as described by Marketing Week (2006, p. 33). The marketing activities of the energy drink have been internationalized with offensive promotional activities which call for at generating a positive attitude from the consumers of the energy drink as a way of having a competitive advantage everywhere rival brands. Through sponsoring various sporting activities across the world, the marketing activities of the brand have influenced the behavior of the consumers which has resulted into the immense success of the compa ny with ever increasing sales of the brand. Moreover, the appeal of the brand to the consumers has been made possible by the companys hosting of various events in addition to the use of celebrities to capture the attention of the consumers and thus arousing their trust for the brand. The public image on Red Bull has been promoted by associating the product with the activities it sponsors or hosts and thus causing the consumers to be influenced by the power of the brand that is illustrated by its marketing images. Additionally, the company has also influenced the psychology of the consumers through the energy drinks slender and well designed cans which are preferred more than those of its communication channel rivals. Moses (2011, p. 23) says that the desire of the consumer for Red Bull is created by its slogan it gives you wings which is used in the energy drinks marketing activities to influence the behavior of its consumers with an aim of making them to reach a decision of purch asing the product. Consumer Attitude Models Mazis, Ahtola and Klippel (1995, p. 38) say that it is through a positive attitude for a product that the interest of a consumer for that brand is created. To promote the attitudes of the consumers for Red Bull, the company has shifted the promotional activities of the brand from product branding to modus vivendi branding. The consumers thus view the product as part of their lifestyle and thus the enhanced attitude for the brand. Khermouch (1998, p. 16) explains that the

Aristotle on property and family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aristotle on property and family - Essay ExampleAccording to the theories of Socrates, there should be no private property in the exalted community. Aristotle had a different point of view on this issue. He supposed that women and children belong to some male individuals and therefore jackpot also be referred to as property. It is possible to imagine what will happen if all citizens would have the right to use the wives and children of each other. Aristotle has limited the sharing of property to several cases which would bring the benefits to the state. For example, he explained when the soil can be super C (Lear 214-215) (1) the soil can be common and the products from it can be used for common consumption (2) the soil can be common only if it is cultivated in common and the products are divided among the individuals for the private purposes.Aristotle has made one important point which makes it clear that common sharing of goods will not be beneficial for the state. When people s hare equally all of the benefits, those who labor much will always be displease with those who labor less but receive the same reward. As Aristotle has noted, it has been always very difficult for the men to have all human relations in common.

Apple company Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apple company - Research Proposal Example innkeeper computers followed in the form of the Workgroup Server 80 and the Workgroup Server 95. The LC 520 was launched as a home computer. Further launches included the Performa 520, the Powerbook145B, and the commencement ceremony active-matrix 256 color screen PowerBook 180c. Other new product launches included the low cost audio Macs Centris 660av and Quadra 840av. The PowerBook Duo product line was further extended through the launch of Duo 250 and the Duo 270c (OGrady, 78-84).This book gives information on the developments that occurred in Apple Inc. in the latter half of the 1990s. This information is useful in understanding that in spite of the frenetic product launches in the early 1990s, market share in the personal computer market dwindled towards the end of the twentieth century.This web page provides information on the developments at Apple Company during the first half of the first decade of the New Millennium. It provides th e important information of new products along with the significant iPod.This book provides information on the numerous products launches that took place from Apple Company in the early have of the 1990s. This helps to understand the pace of product development at Apple Company in the

The Strategy Behind the Brand Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Strategy Behind the Brand Building - Essay Exampleaining precaution from the increased inconsistency associated with cross planning, strategizing, and aligning processes, which result in a brand failing quickly after its launch.The study identifies the major components associated with brand identity, i.e. brand strategy attributes, brand identity elements, the target audience, and brand applications, and converts them into a visual branding tree by explaining the brand identity process and design procedure. This is invaluable to designers, marketers, researchers, and brand supervisors. It may possibly save time and money in the long run, not to mention keeping all the elements consistent with the brand charge process.The brand building process is something that every business must go through to determine how to market its markets and who to. Understanding the consumer market goes a long management in deciding how a company will perform in the long run.This study is important because inconsistent brand building can sometimes confuse the audience, resulting in lost revenue and profit. The target audience should have an emotional bond and sense of belonging, which results in guest appreciation and thus customer loyalty.A brand should be presented consistently across all applications. The only way to ensure this is through comprehensive brand identity standards or systems that argon easy to understand and available through both print and Web-based sources.The brand building process can often result in success for a brand. This will attract a broader customer base, and brand managers, designers, and marketers will have less confusion in the brand building

College Transfer Quality Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

College Transfer Quality - Personal Statement ExampleIn my first year in Miami University, I became a research lab researcher in Dr. Lees laboratory, doing experiment on microbial ecology to explain the global latitudinal mutation gradient phenomenon this experiment, which I declare simple, involved determining heterozygosity of E. coli bacteria in different temperatures. Additionally, I find pleasure in carrying out some little interesting experiments, for example creating microbial paintings by growing different microbial colonies, which exhibit diverse shapes and colors on culture dishes.I have a strong feeling that my course fulfillment lies within Microbiology and I like the experiences in the discipline. Primarily, Microbiology experiments enable me to combine conceptual and formal decisions in the experiment that is, explaining the macro world phenomenon with a meek experiment in the micro world. This is especially so considering the fact that I am in charge of the enti re experiment and my schedule. Secondly, Microbiology experiments boarder/bridge my interests from learning to art for instance, those microbial paintings enable me to makes friends with many art major students. Thirdly, I have come to realize and appreciate the fact that I am genuine at interdisciplinary inspiration and this encourages me the more to become a Microbiologist.What propelled me to choose the University of California is the fact that as compared to Miami University, this university offers more research opportunities for Molecular Microbiology, and has larger diversity culture, which denotes better chances for interacting with more professionals both from my specialty as well as from other areas of specialization. This would make me the best that I can be in Microbiology. In effect, the fact that the University of California is a larger university satisfies my interests

The Controversial Role of Women in Today's Time Research Paper

The Controversial Role of Women in Todays Time - Research Paper ExampleIn the past, it was familiar for women candidates to experience disparity and unfairness by party leaders. These party elites refuse to employ women to compete for office, and they did not advocate women candidates (Thomas & Wilcox, 1998). Consequently, women experienced hardships in raising monetary supports and in being respected as trustworthy candidates by the electorate and the mass media. Women in Politics Past and Present Recent studies report that such inequities and discrimination has ebbed significantly. As stated by Georgia Duerst-Lahti, although women have been normally defeated by the men in elections in the past, it ceases to be the case nowadays (Thomas & Wilcox, 1998). As Barbara Burrell claims, in recent elections women have been more triumphant than men at all phases of the procedure from early money through the general election (Thomas & Wilcox, 1998, 4). ostracize responses of the electorat e to women candidates have been reported as well. In the past, large numbers of voters believed that the place of women was not in politics (Carroll, 2003). Recent studies discover that women elected officials have mainly surmounted these barriers. According to Foerstel and Foerstel (1996), a significant percentage of the masses remain quite less sympathetic or accommodating of women candidates, but the percentage of citizens having this supposition has decreased drastically, and although such sentiments remain they argon frequently overpowered by incumbency status or party allegiance. Scholars studying fund-raising performances, voter preference, and party leaders word or perception of women candidates have assumed that when women compete for office, they win elections as frequently as their male counterparts do (Foerstel & Foerstel, 1996). Nevertheless, the removal of several barriers does not incriminate that men and women play on an even field. Barriers to the representation al parity of women remain and contribute in the explanation of the relatively low proportions of women running for political positions (Rajoppi, 1993). These barriers act the rigidity of the incumbency aspect, media exposure of candidates, neighborly qualification, electoral system, and socialization impacts. New Barriers to Womens Political Participation Social qualifications relate to the expectations of the public about the eligibilities of those who are qualified contenders. Usually this involves specific job-related backgrounds, educational achievements, military involvement, and number and form of earlier political experiences, and so on (Carroll, 2003). Even though there has been a great deal of progress, women nowadays remain less probable than their male counterparts to occupy political positions from legal professions, for instance, and are more probable to have coupled politics from womens organizations or community assistance (Carroll, 2003). Thus, women may be perceiv ed as less competent aspirants. Even though the impact of social qualifications have weakened later on, the gap in this aspect imply the women still confront bigger or new barriers to surmount to attain the selfsame(prenominal) objectives. One implication of the conflicting qualifications and backgrounds is that women are less predisposed to view themselves as competent contenders for political positions (Thomas & Wilcox, 1998). The kind of socialization that encourages women to look for professions in virtue firms or business organizations also leads to their lower degree of self-esteem (Thomas & Wilcox,

Task 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Task 2 - Essay ExampleThe Other will forever and a day be lesser, not as good, and below the members of the group at large.This is not a new phenomenon. It is something we have seen play itself out throughout history and it is reflected in galore(postnominal) works of literature as well. To some extent, the concept of the Other is a means of social control. It is a method of separating out into groups those who think as we do and those who do not. If some genius does not think as we do, then they must be lesser than we are. They must also be against us. Thus, caution should be exercised when dealing with a person who is an Other.In Melissa Algranatis essay, Being an Other, otherness is presented as a state of world wherein you have no helpmate group or cohort, outside of your own family. I learned at a young age that there are not too many Puerto Rican, Egyptian Jews out there (Algranati, 1996, p.135). For Algranati, the realization that you are a one-of-a-kind is startling. It f orces a separateness from other people. She could not simply choose one group to invest with. She explains For most of my life Ive been living in two worlds, and at the same time Ive been living in neither (135). Algranati finds her state of being an Other most disconcerting when she is asked to choose identification for herself on the PSAT. She talks about her confusion at even being asked to select only one group with whom to identify, since choosing one means leaving out the other, which is, as she put it, leaving out so much (135). Our identity is in part shaped by how other people perceive us. But when the criteria for ascribing a certain identity include things over which you have no control as is the case with gender, race, and familiar orientationthen whether you identify with that identityis not only up to you (Appiah, 2005, p. 70).For Algranati, both parents have spent their lives as Others as well. Her fathers family was displaced jump

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan speedy - Article ExampleJonathan Swift begins with the vivid imagery of the plight of poor children and is able to recruit sympathy.An important aspect is that this is so sincerely done that the most skeptical person would want to read on. Then he moves with calculated precision and creates a logical assessment of the condition of the poor. He also professes to have maturely weighed his calculations and proposal giving confidence to the reader to reach further down the narrative. Swift then smoothly places a dramatic twist by immediately following his preamble with the first shocking suggestion of eating all the impecunious children in this manner a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, ply and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled, and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.. afterward this point, Swift begins to target the moneyed class of that period. He not only enra ges the reader by the cold irony of his suggestions but also forces him to think by using startling imagery and saddening but stark realities of life. In a formal and methodical manner, he gives solutions to visible problems of poverty by calculating the value of childrens flesh offered as food to persons of quality and fortune and other rich outgrowths of the society of that time. With striking prose filled with sarcasm, he challenges human emotions by recommending purchasing the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife as is done in roasting piglets. The subject of his criticism, the moneyed class, is woven in with a detached and mathematical precision by drawing parallel examples of their lavish spending and the worth of the poor considered as meat. In his cynicism, Swift does not spare any member of the society of that time that has contributed to or closed eyes from the causes and reasons of poverty. These include the pseudo-patriots, the clergy as well as royalt y.

Schizophrenia in children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Schizophrenia in children - Research Paper ExampleAs the definition indicates, the major symptoms of this unhinge include visual and auditory hallucinations, abnormal behavior, and unnamed feelings and they adversely affect the childs ability to function normally and to maintain interpersonal relationships. To illustrate, a child who has developed schizophrenia may fabricate shy and reticent and try to live in a world of his/her own. Nearly 50% of children with schizophrenia show severe neuropsychiatric symptoms. Although this mental overturn has no definite cause, it is often correlated to risk factors like family history. Some recent studies claim that brain changes and biochemical and environmental factors may contribute to the study of schizophrenia. Generally physical, laboratory and psychological examinations are conducted to diagnose schizophrenia in children. ... Prevention of childhood schizophrenia is less possible because galore(postnominal) of the early signs of thi s disorderliness are very similar to the signs of other disorders. Treatments As discussed already, pediatric schizophrenia is a chronic condition and it needs lifelong treatment even though symptoms may be sub brassd during some periods of treatment. The treatment for childhood schizophrenia is generally led by a psychiatrist specialist. Since this disorder can affect many areas of the victims life, other professionals such as pediatrician, psychotherapist, family members, psychiatric nurse, and social workers are also included in the treatment team. Medications and psychotherapy are primarily active to treat childhood schizophrenia (Loth & Pataki, 2012). Antipsychotic medications play a central role in treating this disorder although they have not been specifically sanctioned for treating schizophrenia in children. Second generation antipsychotics or atypical antipsychotics are initially used to treat pediatric schizophrenia because they have fewer side effects. As Kuehn (2009) notes, Risperidone and Aripiprazole are the only two second generation antipsychotics that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat this mental disorder in children. Similarly, first generation antipsychotics or conventional antipsychotics are also used to control schizophrenia in children and they are equally as telling as atypical antipsychotics. However, conventional antipsychotics have more severe neurological side effects. In addition, psychotherapy treatments such as individual therapy and family therapy are employed to manage childhood

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

Review - Essay ExampleFor example, while Mrs. Saunders is a very free lance wo homosexual and a threat, Victoria is a child, who has no class and little effectson the society. In the second act, although the class difference between the iv women characters can be determined, it is not as widely as in the initial action. All women lie in the middle and lower-upper class in the preservation classes, with minuscule differences in the hierarchy. As noted, Churchill attempts to analyze the position of women in the society and their empowerment (Churchill, 2013).In the year 1992, Los Angeles experienced the most destructive riots, which were characterized by undue violence. This play was written to analyze the tension and problems that were the underlying factors behind the unrest. Some of these factors include racial tension, brutality by the police, and weak leadership in the urban centers. The play takes an empirical view of the events that led to the violence, including ethnic tens ions, as well as tensions between people of different class. This play uses a historical depth psychology approach to ignite a combination of enlightening and meaningful basis that brings up painful and emotions. For example, the play refers to instances where people from different races blamed those of different races for their losses after the Rodney verdict. One congresswoman is shown to have fought very hard for people, arguing that she is seeking to make the Whitehouse understand the plight of the people who have been ignored through the riots (Twilight Los Angeles. 1992, 2014).Carmen is portrayed as the most provocative of all the girls in a place located near a cigarette factory, such that a man would barely pass without having a glance at her. Carmen sings Habanera, which fascinates all young men present save for Don Joe. Before leaving, and Carmen provokes him by throwing flowers at him. ass in the factory, Carmen is blamed for a quarrel that the girls get into, and

Modern World Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Modern World Cinema - Essay ExampleIn the past two and a half decades movie industry in Nigeria was in bad shape, most films produced then were of very poor Quality, just a few exceptions like those produced by Late Actors and producers, by name foreman Hubert Ogunde and Moses Olaiya a.k.a Baba Sala.These two actors took Nigeria movie across the Globe and they were largely applauded for their immense contribution to the Nigerian movie Industry. The films produced by Hubert Ogunde include Aiye and Jaiyesimi, all these films were masterpieces of their own time, and today these films are still available at special occasions in cinemas all over the country. Chief Hubert Ogunde single-handedly built a film village in Musan, Ogun State in Nigeria. The film village is equipped with state of the art African artifacts required to give Nigerian films the necessary African background and some other required parafinaliars, the Structure is still there today for use.

Affirmative action,is it necessary in the 21st. century Essay

Affirmative action,is it necessary in the 21st. century - Essay ExampleAnd although they have nurtured a particular vision of social justice. Unfortunately, not all the problems of equal opportunities at the workplace have been solved. For females and minority employees, affirmative action proposes great opportunities to be evenly treated and protected (to some extent). During half a century, affirmative action policies have proved their effectiveness, but cannot abolish gender and racial inequalities. For this reason, training and progression activities as a part of affirmative action are vital for successful organizational performance. Nevertheless, there are some disadvant mount ups of these policies. They include low-qualifies fork king and low- person-to-person achievements of employees involved in the affirmative action programs. To over come these possible threats the organization should conduct programming of specific human resources activities, based on personal developme nt and human capital policies.Organisations play a major and continuing role in the lives of people, especially with the growth of large-scale business organisations and the divorce of possession from management. Organisations of one form or an other(a) are a necessary part of a society and serve many important needs. The decisions and actions of management in organisations have an increasing impact on individuals, other organisations and the community. It is important, therefore, to understand the role of affirmative action and the pervasive influences which it exercises over the behaviour of people. In the 21st century, the knock over over pros and cons of affirmative action is still alive. Heated discussions concern the role of affirmative action in organizational development and its impact on HR management. The policy of affirmative action has deep roots. It goes back to 1941 when F. Roosevelt encouraged minority employment by ordering defense contractors to cease discriminato ry hiring (Yates, n.d.). Further, this concept was create by Lyndon Johnson in 1965 when he put teeth into minority hiring rules for government contractors (Yates, n.d.). The next amendments took place under the presidency of J. Kennedy who introduced Equal Employment Opportunity delegacy (EEOC) establishing to investigate contractors practices, impose sanctions, collect employment statistics, and ensure compliance with government regulations (Yates, n.d.).The necessity of Affirmative action was caused by dominance by white males in American workforce. At the middle of the XX century they occupied the majority of managerial positions and many of the more important blue-collar jobs. The role of women was to occupies lower-paying positions. On the other hand, racial minorities found considerable barriers to entering the labor market at the higher paying levels. The necessity of affirmative action is still an issue of the day, because people are discriminated in many aspects of our l ife and work. The selection process in particular directly discriminates between people in order to offer the advantage of a job to one but not the others. Certain forms of discrimination are acceptable but others are not, and have been made unlawful. Facts rather than prejudice, and applicable facts rather than irrelevant facts, are important criteria in determining what type of discrimination is acceptable. For instance, members of minority groups, females, the hard core disadvantaged, persons with disabilities, veterans, and persons more senior in age than most or who have sexual preference differences. People and groups of people typically discriminated against on the job, in promotional consideration, in employment retention, in hiring, in services and in admissions (Martinez, 1997).Legislation, voluntary codes

Market Model Patterns of Change Essay Example for Free

Market Model Patterns of Change Essay1. Describe the industry and explain the general name of change of the particular market model Health amends in the United States providers represent competitive market because they atomic exit 18 numerous, variety of choices, and no adept entity has much power over prices. The health insurance policy can be considered as rapid growth industry. Recently, this industry is transforming in a rapid trend and evolving into an oligopoly. Insurance markets in many states ar eventually controlled and dominated by a few large firms.There were more than five hundred health insurers involved mergers between 1998 and 2008 (Bakhtiari, 2010). Although there are hundreds of small insurance companies operating in the market, the industry Led by WellPoint, 12 health plans cover two-thirds of the registration in the U.S. commercial-insurance market (Bloomberg News, 2010). An analysts report cited in the article predicts there go out be 100 insurer s with around 200,000 members could be forced out of business. Smaller insurers are increasingly unable to invest in the infrastructure and technology to effectively manage care (Bakhtiari, 2010). However, mergers make believe been the main power rather than small insurers tone ending out of business.2. Hypothesize the basic short-run and long-run behaviors of the model in the industry you have chosen in a market economy This authorship uses Kinked-Demand theory of oligopoly there is no single theory that explains oligopoly behavior. The kinked demand model assumes that if one firm raises the prices, other firms will not determine to increase. If the firm reduces its price, it is assumed that its competitors will follow suit and reduce their prices as well. The result is a demand curve for the firm that is kinked at the current equilibrium price (Low, 2000). victorious this as assumption, a single health insurer that tries to raise price will lose market share mainly just becau se other insurers are not following, it will suffer a loss in demand because the competitors prices remain low. In contract, if a single firm that cuts prices, all of its competitors will follow to reduce the price. As a result, a firm will have a kinked demand curve.Firms may operate at a profit in the short-run if demand for the product is high relative to be. The firm may force to go out of business if it cant generate seemly revenue to even cover the variable costs.Hence the model predicts that prices in the long run should be fairly rigid in an oligopoly. This could indicate that insurance premiums will remain fairly stable in the health insurance industry. The kinked demand theory suggests there will be price in these markets and the firms will rely more on non-price competition to boost sales, revenue and profits. The result in market share is no gain and relative small increases in quantity demanded (Low, 2000).3. Analyze at least three (3) possible areas for the industry that could lead to transaction costs, and explain each in detail In the health insurance industry, transaction cost could arise from acquisition expenses, process outsourcing, and increased product complexity.Acquisition is the expense of soliciting and placing new insurance business on a partnerships books. It includes agents underwriting expenses, checkup and credit, report fees, commissions, and marketing support services. The significant efforts are made by insurance companies to lower acquisition costs because of the competition.Outsourcing of processes may become a necessity when firms gather up more and more customers cod to mergers, the current workforce will no longer be able to handle jobs. Sometime, hiring more employees could be very costly for some firms because of increasing market salaries outsourcing could be the better option. Firms will have to pay surplus expenses to outsourcing firms that process application and provide customer service. This lead to transact ion cost.Transaction costs may also arise from increase product complexity due to firms grow, merge and consolidation. Products become more complex catering to more segments due to gathering more customer firms increase product lines. Hence, customers will have to develop transaction costs in searching or inquiring for the best product, and in estimating the pure tone of the service.4. Speculate about the behavior that could result from these transactions and project at least two (2) strategies for dealing with them It affects consumers behavior for reconsidering the health plan when transaction costs arise from product complexity. Any indecision arises from product uncertainty it refers to the difficulties in determining the quality of purchased products (Thompson, 2004). Consumers are likely to inquire more information if purchased services will meet their expectations before they purchase. Consumers rely on the quality examination that insurance agents or references. This pro duct uncertainty may increase transaction cost. This can be dealt with by reinforcing product quality through announce about the products and services, meeting with potential customers, and providing training to employees to meet better expectation.When transaction costs arise from enforcement and monitoring, behavioral results are uncertainty. Behavioral uncertainty refers to the inherent difficulties approach by buyers in accurately evaluating the contractual performance of insurance companies (Thompson, 2004). This increases transaction cost as consumers spend more time thinking about purchase insurance because the claims may against them or excessive policy. This can be dealt with by ensuring that potential customers understand the nature of the contract.5. Collect costs, revenue entropy, or other data from the industry you deem relevant. Explain how you would modify the data in order to make it relevant to decisions a manager must make Base of the data from Austin Hunger ford, health insurance markets in many local areas are highly concentrated and the exercise of market power in concentrated markets loosely leads to higher prices and reduced output. In the data, medical loss ratios among major insurers range from a low of 70.7% to almost 89%. Some major commercial insurers have had significant decreases in medical expense ratios in the past decade. For example, CIGNA HealthCares medical loss ratio, 86.3% in 2001, fell to 70.7% in 2008 (Austin Hungerford, 2009). In general, medical loss ratios can change dramatically from one year to another. This explained by unexpectedly high medical costs or by aggressive price intended to increase market share.The above data help managers understand industry characteristics better than an individual. It is relevant to managers by consolidating all of the medical loss ratio, and combining them in an industry average. The managers have a better feel for industry averages and trends.6. Explain the major factors t hat affect the degree of competitiveness in your industry. Use the data to develop at least three (3) measures (e.g., productivity measures) to show how the industry is evolvingThe first factor is the number of firms on the market. If there are large number of firms operate in industry, overall prices will be reduced. The second factor is giving medication regulation which affects the degree of competitiveness of the health insurance industry. The third is government provides health insurance. This can change the entire game plan for health industry. Private firms may be unable to compete against governments insurance plans. That will affect the overall competitiveness of the industry.These measures to show how the industry is evolving include average prices of health insurance plans, potential buyers, and overall average medical costs. just price of health insurance will show the industrys evolution by examining patterns of profit growth in relation to health insurance costs. The number of health insurance buyers will help understand the growth patterns in customer base, and demand for health insurance plans. Medical costs will show the relationship between industry growths, inflation of costs, and increase in general medical care.

Decision Analysis Essay Example for Free

Decision Analysis EssayFinally, well-nigh typical problem classes are examined and some requirements for prototypical structures are discussed. An introduction to problem structuring Decision abridgment can be divided into four steps structuring the problem formulating inference and preference models eliciting probabilities and utilities and exploring the mathematical model results. Prac* This research was supported by a grant from the Department of Defense and was monitored by the Engineering Psychology Programs of the Office of Naval Research, under lose weightWhile writing this paper, the author discussed the problem of structuring extensively with Helmut Jungermann. The present version owes much to his thought. Please dont take footnote 3 likewise seriously. It is part of a footnote war between Ralph Keeney and me. ** Presently with the Social Science Research Institute, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90007, (213) 741-6955. 12 D. von Winterfeldt /Structuring decision problems titioners of decision analysis generally agree that structuring is the intimately important and difficult step of the analysis.Yet, until recently, decision analytic research has all but ignored structuring, concentrating instead on questions of clay sculpture and elicitation. As a result, structuring was, and to some extent still is, considered the art part of decision analysis. This paper examines some attempts to turn this art into a science. Trees are the most common decision analytic structures. Decision trees, for example, represent the sequential aspects of a decision problem (see Raiffa 1968 Brown et al. 1974). Other examples are goal trees for the representations of values (Keeney and Raiffa 1976) and publication trees for the representation f inferential problem aspects (Kelly and Barclay 1973). In fact, trees so much dominate decision analytic structures that structuring is often considered synonymous to building a tree.

Organ Donation Essay Example for Free

pipe pipe organ tire outation Essay1. The purpose of this essay was to support my claim that organ donation has a jam of positive results. My plan with this essay to get the reader to be more than(prenominal) informed of the action and list some statistics associated with it. I hope that the reader, if they were not in full aware of the upshot, to do more research for themselves. 2. From this as pointment, I learned how to gather data to support my arguments. I already felt strongly about this pass on before writing on it. Though, I learned more about the underground black markets associated with organ harvesting.3. The only difficulties I had were trying to make every(prenominal)thing endure in the body of my paragraphs. Also, how to incorporate the down side of the issue. The editing part wasnt too hard for me. 4. I enjoyed writing on a topic that I fully support as an individual. I excessively enjoyed reading articles related to the topic on how a life was dramati cally improved or renderd. I in addition, learned to better support my claims. 5. I decided to write on this topic due to the f routine that I am write up to be an organ giver myself. I am not currently discussing this topic in another course. I was not fully aware of the topic until I fully researched it before deciding to become one. 6. There is not anything else I would like for you to know.Should More Attention Be Given To harmonium gratuity?When it comes to organ donation, it is a very touchy subject for a lot of people. The majority of them are hesitating about registering to become an organ donor because they are usually ill informed about the process. Besides helping to save or drastically improve someones life, you can similarly give some kind of comfort to their grieving families. There are so many organs and tissues that can be donated and one can also be a living mortal in order to do it. A sad statistic about the organ donation waiting list is that every 48 hours , someone dies while waiting for an organ and never receiving it (Newton). So one has to wonder if the general public was more aware of this issue they would be more unstrained to sign up. Although in that location are some religious sects have some stipulations against organ donations, the majority actually condone it to be an act of charity. Though the subject of organ donation is a very sensitive issue, there are many advantages to them being performed. The fact that it only takes one organ donor to saveover eight lives is simply amazing and that the donor is able to give comfort to grieving families and improve someones style of life. Financial or celebrity status has no bearing on determining who is able to receive a transplant in the U.S.Also, the system for twinned donors and recipients being regulated by the Federal Government should give people some ease about any wrong doing involving the sale of organs in the United States (Burande). An Ethics Committee was in fact pu t into place by organizations that specialize in the procurement of organs and every region and infirmary has one. Hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, pancreas, small intestines, and also the eyes could be donated and transplants have a highly successful transfer rate of up to 80 to 90 percent (Burande). A person can be a living person and still donate certain parts of organs and bone marrow (Burande). Children can so far become organ donors with their parents consent and the family pays no bills associated with any kind of organ donation. The donor persons medical examination history is more significant than a persons age, so someone should never think that they are too old to eligible to donate (Organ Donation Dont permit These Myths Confuse You).A person can even donate their entire body for the benefit of research and the use of medical education. A lot of families are concerned that if their deceased loved one donates, that they leave alone not be able to have an open casket fu neral and that is simply not true (Organ Donation Dont let These Myths Confuse You). The respect of the deceased and their families is one of the top priorities when it comes to organ donation. The process also involves many steps, with the beginning(a) being a referral when a patient is about to pass away to confirm if they are or are not a registered donor. Then a medical evaluation is done to see if the organs are suitable. After a declaration of death is made by the doctor, the next of kin signs a consent form. After transplant coordinators confirm the death with a medical examiner or coroner to see whether its under jurisdiction, the transplant sawbones finalizes the recipient as a proper match. The work of the surgical removal team is also overseen by the transplant coordinator.Last, after its all utter and done, letters are sent out to the donors family, relevant doctors and nurses informing them of the outcome of the donation that was done. Just like any other medical proc edure, there are some issues that do exist. Over 115,000 people are currently waiting for an organ in the U.S and every 48 hours, aperson dies waiting to receive an organ and not getting one (Burande). Each year over a million people need organs to save or dramatically improve their life. There is also a black market that exists for some organs, especially kidneys, so naturally people are hesitant due to its unethical prospects (Adomaitis). This tends to happen more frequently in countries where the population is poor.Organs from living donors are transplanted from people that live in poverty into more prominent citizens that live elsewhere all due to the need for money. A new study was done out of Alberta, Canada that Canadians might be more willing to sign up to be registered donors if they were offered some kind of monetary compensation for their families (Verner). The families would be offered a tax break or help with funeral expenses and of course the process would be done lega lly and all safety precautions would be followed. The only problem that is foreseen from that is how to establish the cost of an organ when life itself is precious.When it comes to the subject of organ donation, there are many religious aspects concerning beliefs from various religions. Although, many religions actually encourage it because they consider it be an act of charity, but with stipulations when it comes to a person doing it. Jehovahs Witnesses believe that if a person decides to donate, all organs and tissues must be drained of blood first (Adomaitis). The Amish approves it only if the recipients life will be definitely improved or saved (Adomaitis). Though, they are not opposed to it, Mennonites leave the decision to the individual or his/her family members.In closing, no subject area how sensitive a person is when it comes to the subject of organ donation, it never hurts to fully research the topic. He or she might have to come upon making a decision one day concerning the matter and they should be fully informed of all the pros and cons. This concludes my essay on the issue of organ donation.Annotated BibliographyBurande, Abhay. Organ Donation Facts and Statistics. fall 21, 2011, Retrieved from http//www.buzzle.com/articles/organ-donation-facts-and-statistics.htmlThere are many statistical data to support the pros of organ transplants.The process is overseen by a committee in the U.S. that ensures its strict adherence.Adomaitis, Mary Beth. Cons of Organ Donating. Retrieved from http//dyinglovetoknow.com/ConsofOrganDonatingBesides the pros of organ donation there are many cons associated with this issue. Black markets for organs and taking advantage of the poor to help the rich are sometimes concerns for many.Verner, Amy. Compensating Organ Donors Could Increase Donation Rates, Study Finds. The Globe Mail, Published Wednesday, Nov 07, 2012, Retrieved from http//www/the globeandmail.com/life/the-hot-button/compensating-organ-donors-could-increase -donations.htmlStudies have shown that people in Canada are more inclined to sign donor cards if they were monetarily compensated. The only issue is that of how to put a value on human life.Newton, Joshua. How Does The General Public View Posthumous Organ Donation? A Meta-Synthesis of the Qualitative Literature. BMC Public Health 2011, 11791. Retrieved from http//www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/791There are many individuals who are unwilling become organ donors posthumously, thus creating a disparity between the supply and demand for transplants. A meta-synthesis of literature was therefore conducted to determine the views of the general public concerning the issue.Organ Donation Dont let These Myths Confuse You, The Mayo Clinic, Retrieved from http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/organ-donation/FL00077Many people are ill-informed about the organ donation process. This article lists many myths that are associated with organ donation and the truths to straighten out on those myths.

Components Of A Computer System Cpu Information Technology Essay

Components Of A Computer System Cpu Information Technology EssayThe central processing unit is the serving of a reckoner system that carries out the instructions of a computing device weapons platform. It is main part carrying out the computers roles. The central processing unit transfers out each instruction of the program in order, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/ takings operations of the system.The CPU has many different purposes which can be moving data from one location to an separate, building decisions and jumping to a new set of orders based on those decisions. The CPUs speed is a measure of MHz (megahertz) or more recently gigacycle (gigahertz). A chip with a megahertz rating of 900 MHz would be able to complete 900Million cycles every second.The graphic symbols of CPUAMD (Advanced Micro Devices)Intel Celeron pound up (Random Access Memory) pound off is a memory facility which provides space for your computer to read and write data to be accesse d by the CPU (central processing unit). When people mention to a computers memory, they usually mean its RAM. The programs and data that we use are stored in the RAM temporarily so that the processor can access them fast. RAM is employ to freight and run programs or applications on a computers are in operation(p) system. Extra RAM means more applications and programs can be run simultaneously. The speed is careful in MHz, (or megahertz). The capacity of RAM is calculated in bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes and the typical capacity of RAM in a PC is 512MB to 8GB.There are other types of RAM which areSDRAM (synchronous dram)DDR(double data ratter)Rambus Dram (RDRMM)read-only memory (Read Only Memory)Is a class of memory board media used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware. The BIOS software is built into the PC, and i s the number 1 code run by a PC when reasoned on (boot firmware). The primary function of the BIOS is to load and start an operating system. BIOS software is stored on a non-volatile ROM chip built into the system on the mother board. The first job for the BIOS is to initialize and identify system devices such as the video debunk card, keyboard and cringe, expectant disk, CD/DVD drive and other severeware.These are the types of ROMMask-Programmed ROM (MROM)Programmable ROM (PROM)Erasable-Programmable ROM (EPROM)Electrically Erasable PROM (EEPROM) remark devicesInput devices are any piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide data and give in knowledge to the computer. They allow us to enter the information and data into the computer.E.g.MouseIs an input device which inputs information by clicking the mouse and being able to move the arrow in the monitor by victimisation the mouse. Mouse can display mainframe data records that contain a leading 4 byte record length c ounter. With proper options, mouse can adjoin carriage returns to fixed length records.Types of mouselaser mousemechanical mousecordless mouseKEYBORADThe set of typewriter like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys. It assert the computer and purposes includes a plurality of sets of two or more keys arranged for receiving the tips of the leaf of a hand of an operator, the keys of each set have such a small superficial touch area and are clustered together. So as to be substantially comprehended and selectively operated by a single finger tip of an operator. There different types of keyboardsErgonomic KeyboardsWireless keyboardsIlluminated keyboards output DevicesOutput Devices are used to communicate the outcomes of data processing carried out by information to the computer to the outside world. Which we get information out of the computer.E.g.Printers pull up stakes print anything that in on that is on the monitor onto melodic theme. This can be pictures, words and numbers. admonisherMonitor is a device that displays images or symbols generated by computers, an output device that is a part of your computer display system. TheyServe as the visual display to help you navigate your computer. excessively to display text and graphics, produced by a computer. The resolution is the measurement of the number of pixels that a computer displays, also called a computer monitor, can show at one meter. Monitors that display more pixels offer a sharper, brighter image. Monitors are measured in butt againstes, diagonally from top left to bottom right.Types of monitorsCRT (Cathode Ray Tube) MonitorLCD (Liquid Crystal Display) MonitorPrintersPrinter is a peripheral which produces a text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. It lets you to get a hard copy of a document, or picture . DPI (dots per inch) most printers print 600 dpi printers print 600 tiny little dots across one inch and 600 dots vertically for one inch. The higher the resolution of your printer or image setter, the greater detail you can print and the better appearance of your output. The speed of printers is measured in print-per-minute (PPM) for example, laser printer ratings range from 6 to 15 ppm, inkjets are rated 4 ppm and up for black text, and photo-quality inkjets range from 0.3 to 12 ppm, depending on the job.Types of printersLaser printersink-jet printersDot matrix printersDisk Storage devices (Backing store)Disk Drives are used to record information from the computer onto a floppy disk or CD. sturdy Disk Drive disfranchised disk drive (HDD) main storehouse used to permanently store all including the operating system, data, files and programs on the computer. Most hard drives are permanently stored in an internal drive bay at the front of the computer. Capacity per HDD increasing fr om 3.75 megabytes to greater than 1 terabyte. The typical capacity of hard disk in a PC is uses a 400 to 500 GB drive.Types of Hard DiskDesktop Hard Disk Types 3.5, IDE and Sata Interfaces laptop computer Hard Disk Types2.5, 1.8, IDE, Sata, SCSIServer Hard Disk types3.5 Sata, SCSIOptical Disk Storage CD/DVD/Blu-RayCD DiskA sign up Disc (CD) is an opthalmic disc used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store sound recordings exclusively, but later it also allowed the preservation of other types of data.It is used to store data, video or music. So that makes it a storage device. A standard CD has a capacity of about 74 proceeding of standard CD audio music. There are extended CDs that can actually exceed this limit and pack more than 80 minutes on a disk. CDs are capable of storing up to 700 mb.The types of CDs areCD-ROM is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback.CD-R a CD-R (Co mpact Disc-Recordable) is a variation of the Compact Disc invented by Philips and Sony. CD-R is a Write formerly Read Many (WORM) optical medium, though the whole disk does not have to be entirely written in the same session.CD-Rewritable disk, a type of CD disk that enables you to write onto it in multiple sessions. One of the problems with CD-R disks is that you can only write to them once.DVD DiskDVD (Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc storage media format, which are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs), but are capable of storing almost seven times as much data. The storage capacity of a DVD is approximately 4.7 GB (gigabytes). A dual layer doubles the storage but requires a dual-layer DVD player/ recorder to use the dual-layer media.The types of DVDSDVD-RDVD-RWDVD-ROMBlu-Ray DiskBlu-ray Disc is an optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format. The format defines as its standard physical media a 12cm (same as DVDs and CDs), 25 GB per-layer optica l disc, with dual layer discs (50 GB) the norm for feature-length video discs and additional layers possible later. The capacity of Blu-ray disk is 25GB (single-layer) 50GB (dual-layer).USB Memory StickUSB flash drives are computer devices that inputs information that is saved on the USB and inputs it in to the computer when you insert the USB. Also typically removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than a floppy disk. USB drives range in capacity from megabytes up to 256GB and offer much more storage than writable CDs and DVDs.Operating systemIs software, containing of programs and data, which runs on computers and manages the computer hardware and runs common services for active carrying out of various application software. Operating systems are responsible for everything from the control and allocation of memory to recognizing input from external devices and transmitting output to computer displays. They also manage files on computer hard drives and control periphera ls, like printers and scanners. An operating system also has a vital role to play in security. Its job includes preventing unauthorized users from accessing the computer system.Examples of operating systemsWindows VistaWindows 7Task 2Types of computersDesktop PC (personal computer)Is a personal computer any common-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals and which is planned to be operated instantly by an end user with no principal computer operator3 common applications of desktop PCAccess the internetMost time used in offices e.g. Microsoft office used to alto of things like writing letters, posters etc.Starting your own home business, e.g. selling items through online auction websites.LaptopA laptop computer or simply laptop, is called a notebook, is a small personal computer designed for portability. Usually all of the interface hardware needed to operate the laptop, such as USB ports, graphics card, sound channel, etc., is built in to a single unit. Laptops hold high capacity batteries that can power the device for general periods of time, attractive portabilityThe main purpose of a laptop computer is to be portable.3 common applications of LaptopCan be used away from an outlet using a rechargeable battery.Connect to any mesh, including wireless net bailiwickAnswer email on the train, plane, or passenger piece of tail of a carPalmtopA computer small enough to hold in one hand and operate with the other. Also called a hand top, these ultra-small computers whitethorn have particular keyboards or keypads for data entry applications.3 common applicationsSend an emailCreate text messageAccess internet cyberspace ServerA network server is a computer planned to process requests and carry data to other computers over a local network or the Internet by using the same network.3 common applicationsWeb server a static content to a Web web browser by loading a file from a disk and serving it across the networ k to a users Web browser.Chat Server enables a life-size number of users to exchange information in an environment similar to Internet newsgroups that offer real-time discussion capabilities.Fax Servers a is an ideal solution for organizations smell to reduce incoming and outgoing telephone resources but that need to fax actual documents.SupercomputerA supercomputer is a computer which performs an amount of speed which is far supra of other computers. Known constantly changing the world of computing. Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems involving important physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular poser .A particular class of problems, known as Grand Challenge problems, are problems whose full solution requires semi-infinite computing resources.Task 3Diagram flows around a computer systemBacking store(Disk storage devices)CPUCentral Processing UnitMain memory(RAM)Output devicesInput devicesWhen clicking on the mouse or ty ping on the keyboard its sends information to the CPU.Once the information is recognise on to the CPU, The CPU sends informations on to the output device and will appear both on the printer or monitorWhen the PC is turned on the RAM sends information to the CPU and sends information to the backing storeWhen you save work on to the PC the backing store saves it sends the information to the CPU then to the main memory and is saved there

Dementia Needs, Types and Treatments

Dementia Needs, Types and TreatmentsSpecific needs of the older personINTRODUCTIONMAIN clayDementia is a term used to describe symptoms such as loss of memory, language, motor skills, judgment and other intellectual functions caused by permanent disparage or death of the headings nerve cells. (Alzheimers foundation of America, 2014)Most dementias are reversible. Reversible dementias are caused by nutritional deficiencies or infection or from a bleed on the brain or the side effect of a medication the symptoms of these dementias deal be stopped or reversed as considerable as the underlying causes can be treated.Dementia consists of 3 coiffesEarly stage (difficulty concentrating, poor orientation, decreased memory, withdrawal from friends and family, poor socializing skills and denial of their symptoms)This stage usually lasts up to two years.Mid stage (major memory loss, node needs swear out carrying out their activities of daily living (ADLS), they can get govern of their b owels or bladder, ability to speak declines, agitation occurs, compulsions or anxiety)This stage lasts up to two and a half years.Late stage (people in this stage lose the ability to communicate or speak, they need assistance with nearly all their ADLS, they often lose the ability to walk)This stage usually lasts up to two and a half years.There are many types of dementia but I have listed the four major ones below and have given the physiological and mental changes that occur for the older person with these dementias.Type of DementiaPhysiologicalPsychologicalClients needsAlzheimersProblems with speaking.Decreased judgement.Difficulty solving problems or puzzles.Disorientation in familiar surroundings.Depression.Psychosis.Agitation.Sleep disorder.Resistance to care.Memory loss.Assess and reverse agitation factors.Memory therapy.Language therapy.VascularDifficulty finding the remediate words.Confusion and disorientation.Aggressiveness.Memory loss.Depression.Slowness of taught.Hallu cinations.Memory therapy.Speech therapy.Lewy personateConfusion followed by alertness.Tremors.Shuffling step.Rigidity.Fainting-loss of consciousness.Hallucinations in touch and feelings.Visual hallucinations.Sleep disorder.Aggression.Depression.Speech therapy. corporal therapy which includes gait training.Front temporalLanguage comprehension declines.Tongue tie occurs.Ability to read or write is impaired.Lack of co-ordination.Shaking.Balance problems.Eye twitching. sinew spasms and rigidity.Inability to relate to people.Personality changes.Speech therapy.As a carer it is very important to understand the Lewy bole dementia indisposition and its symptoms so that the appropriate treatments can be implemented. The carer should also act as an advocate to ensure the client with dementiaDue to word limitations I will only be discussing Lewy tree trunk dementia in detail below.LEWY BODY DEMENTIAIn the early 1900s scientist FREIDERICK H. LEWY discovered that the brains activities was di srupted by deposits of abnormal protein while he was researching Parkinsons disease. The Lewy body proteins were found in the brain stem where they kill off the neurotransmitter Dopamine ca victimisation symptoms similar to Parkinsons symptoms. In Lewy body dementia other areas of the brain are affected by these proteins and that is what creates the difference between both Parkinsons and Lewy body dementia. When the protein attacks the brain chemical acetylcholine it causes the client to suffer disruption in their thinking, demeanour and perception. Lewy body dementia can be its own disease or it could act in conjunction with brain changes in Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease. This is why Lewy body disease can be miss diagnosed and the client ends up been told they have Parkinsons disease instead. When diagnosing Lewy body dementia an undergo member of the multidisciplinary team should carry out a diagnostic evaluation of the client. This evaluation should include both phy sical and neurological examinations. The client should also be examined on their language skills, memory skills and their functioning skills. The clients family should also be interviewed as they might have noticed changes in the client which would be helpful in their diagnosis. The client should also undergo a MRI or CT scan to determine what areas of the brain are affected. Blood tests whitethorn also help in the clients clinical diagnosis. Lewy body dementia can only be conclusively diagnosed when the client has passed, through a post-mortem autopsy. Unfortunately there is no known cure for Lewy body dementia and treatment only relieves symptoms. People live up to seven years with the disease but some have lived up to twenty years with the disease.Medication is not always the best option for clients with Lewy body because what works with one client might not work for another client. It is also important to know that clients with Lewy body are extremely sensitive and may react neg atively to medication. If using medication then there are different medications for the different symptoms.Cognitive symptomsCholinesterase inhibitors (Aricept, Exelon, and Raza dyne) are used as they are drugs that increase the level of acetylcholine in the brain. Acetylcholine is a chemical which helps in memory and learning functions. These were developed to treat Alzheimers clients but it has been discovered they work better on Lewy body clients.Movement symptomsLevodopa is a drug which is also used on Parkinsons clients. This medication is only used if the symptoms are severe.Visual hallucinationsAntipsychotic medication (haloperidol) which are tranquillizers that block the dopamine receptors in the brain are used but only if the hallucinations are upsetting or disruptive as the side effects can be severe.Rem sleep behaviour disorderMelatonin or clonazepam medication can be used and have been proven to be very effective.50% of clients with lewy body dementia who are treated wit h any antipsychotic medication may experience severe neuroleptic sensitivity, such as worsening cognition, heavy sedation, increase or possibly irreversible parkinsonism, or symptoms resembling neuroleptic malignant syndrome which can be fatal. (Lewy body dementia association, 2014)Non-medical treatmentsSpeech therapyThis may help the client with their give tongue to volume. It is also helpful in clients who have swallowing difficulties and may improve their facial muscular strength.Physical therapyThis includes strengthening, flexibility and cardiovascular exercises as well as gait training.Occupational therapyThis may help the client in promoting his independence and maintain their skills.Individual and family therapyThis can be useful in managing worked up and behavioural symptoms and help with any concerns the family might have for the future.Support groupsThese are helpful for the client and the carers as they can help in day to day frustrations and provide emotional support f or all.

Premature Failure Of Road Network

Premature Failure Of Road Net workBahria town ltd started its development works in 1996 as a joint partner with Bahria effectation initially British capital of South Carolina were the consultants on the project. The extraordinary progress rate and high quality consultancy work of British Columbia (pvt) ltd was thought to be a big hurdle in the progress rate, veritable(a)tually the agreement with the consultants terminated and Bahria township (pvt) Ltd course of studyed its own consultant wing. alas the consultancy wing failed to develop beca physical exertion of incompetent individuals who faecal matter really invest their heart and souls to address core issues .Site management and technical / top supervision issues were ignored .Today Bahria Town is facing problem of premature adversity in its alley meshwork.Most of the path network has not been under(a) projected calling for which it has been useed even then pass failures atomic number 18 prominent .Most common failu res depictive be settlement of road, flexural gibeing, weathering of the road network. The mechanism of road failure is sooner complex and it is wordy to identify the root cause of failure.The approach adopted was to analyze road network truly depictive of premature paving failures, the representative sections were haveed from the road network under interpret .Various field of honor and laboratory test were per gradeed on each section to determine the cause of premature sidewalk failures.The probe revealed that mix produced from mineral pitch plant fails to meet specifications. The concretion of HMA and substitutesequent road horizontal go forths is not comely. The source gradation for aggregate bow is improper .The Plasticity of fines is not in allowance account come out. paving structural design depths were not executed on site besides poor workmanship and improper patching procedures.Keywords Premature Failure, Flexural snap bean, Weathering, Source gradation. p arturiencyI certify that research work titled To investigate the causes of Premature Failure of Road Network of Bahria Town to propose its Remedial Measuresis my own work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where stuff has been used from another(prenominal) sources it has been properly acknowledged/ referred.Tehseen Ellahi2k9-MSc-Trans-05AcknowledgementsThis research work is obviously a result of the initial encouragement and nourish in admission to the MS Transportation (Taxila) by Ehsan ul Haq, the Director General Planning and Design, Bahria Town (pvt) Ltd. Extraordinary help and support form Rana Zulfikar Ahmed caravanserai , Site Manager Bahria Town (pvt) Ltd.Continuous encouragement, and valuable input from Dr. M. A. Kamal, Director Taxila Institute of Transportation Engineering (TITE) and Dean, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila. on that point guidance, comments and suggestions fro m time to time, be gratefully acknowledged.1.2.2 Rigid PavementsIn rigid sidewalks the stress is transmitted to the sub-grade through beam/slab effect. Rigid pavages contain sufficient beam forte to be able to bridge everyplace the localise sub-grade failures and aras of inadequate support.Factors effecting Pavement PerformanceThere are numerous factors influencing the performance of a paving, the following cardinal are considered the most influential (Transportation research board, England April 1985)1.3.1 TrafficTraffic is the most essential factor affecting paving material performance. The performance of pavages is mostly affected by the loading scale, arrangement and the number of load repeats. The damage caused per pass to a paving material by an axle is defined relative to the damage per pass of a precedent axle load, which is defined as a 80 kN single axle load (E80). Thus a pavement is designed to withstand a certain number of standardised axle load repetitio ns that depart result in a certain terminal condition of deterioration.(Kamal M.A. et al., 2009)1.3.2 MoistureMoisture signifi freightertly reduces the supporting ability of gravel materials, peculiarly the sub grade. Moisture enters the pavement mental synthesis through capillary action. The resulting action is the wet surface of particles, excessive movement of particles and dislodgment which ultimately results in pavement failures. (Terrel 1990)1.3.3 Sub gradeThe sub grade is the land layer of spetroleum that supports the wheel loads. If the sub grade is not strong enough the pavement will show flexibility and finally the pavement will fail. Pavement will fail to perform ideally if the variation in particles behavior is not catered for in the design.1.3.4 Construction qualityPavement performance is affected by poor quality manifestation, inaccurate pavement thicknesses, and adverse moisture conditions. These conditions stress the need for experient staff and the importance of good inspection and quality control procedures during saying.Pavement performance is dependent on where, when and how support is applied. No matter how good the pavement is built, it will deteriorate with time based upon the mentioned factors. The timing of maintenance is very important, if a pavement is allowed to deteriorate to a very poor condition, as illustrated by point B, then the added life compared with point A, is typically about 2 to 3 years. This added life is about 10 percent of the total life. The apostrophize of repairing the road at B is four times of the cost required at A. The delay of maintenance hold implications, in that for the cost of repairing one poorly weathered road (Point B), four roads at point A would have to be postponed, which would mean that in a few years the rehabilitation cost could be 16 times as often. Thus, differing maintenance because of budget constraints will result in a significant financial penalty within a few years.(www.nra.co. za/live/ heart and soul.php)HistoryBahria town is a modern township intend on an inspiration drawn from the home of American Society of complaisant engineers i.e the city of Reston, Virginia. The designing of its town ship is based on the most modern and strict criterion.It is located between the GT road and Islamabad Bahria town borders effort Park on the northern side and is bounded to the south and west by Soan river and the Korang respectively.Town planning for Bahria Town has been done taking full reinforcement of the layout of the natural ground. Roads have been designed according to the traffic intensity rush hours. They have been standardized as 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 and Main Boulevards with the configuration of Pavement sidewalks and green areas.(www.bahriatown.com/index.php)Problem StatementBahria Town (pvt) Ltd development represents a unique mark of distinction for Pakistan. Over a period of decade Bahria Town has emerged as Asias largest private property developers.The dilemma is that the capital involved is huge and to meet market demands common Engineering practices quality assurances are being ignored on account of time savings.One of the major problem , that Bahria Town that face today is relate to premature failure of road network.ObjectivesThe main objective of the study was to highlight the causes of pavement failures and to propose the remedial measures. mannerologyReconnaissance survey in study area to identify problems.Selection of test sections based upon road classification and distresses for deep testing analysis.Extraction of samples from the test sections for various laboratory testing.Comparison of various parameters between damaged and undamaged portions of test sections.Recommendations on the terms of investigation.Chapter 3Chapter 3Introduction to Study AreaPavement valuation ProcessPavement evaluation is the first step in the development of pavement rehabilitation alternatives for the project .It is the process of learning the existing pavement system to understand the extent and the cause of problems prior to developing a rehabilitation plan.(www.pavementinteractive.org)Evaluation at Road Network LevelMonitoring of the network is carried out at on a network level to define the status of an sinless pavement network as part of the pavement management system .To achieve the said objective the road network of Bahria Town was divided in different regularizes .Preliminary reconnaissance survey was carried out to access the pavement condition of road network .The object was to confine the study and help prioritize and select the evaluation at the project levels. The road network under study is cause valley. (Design report on Bahria Town, ESS.I.AAR Consultants)The justification behind selecting this study zone is that this zone is fully developed and in the possession of the residents therefore it is to a greater extent realistic to study the road network performance of this zone.HistoryThe idea of dri ve vale was conceptualized in 2000 confirming to planning parameters of the cities of Ruston, Virginia, USA. Ruston being the American society of civil engineers has been planned in the most beautiful manner, the next year Safari vale lunched another housing project. One of the aims of lunching this schema was to stomach a modern housing scheme with all the amenities for the general public at an affordable cost. Any middle class person desirous of buying a plot in Islamabad/Rawalpindi could not do so as the price in Islamabad/Rawalpindi is beyond the reach of the common man.. This scheme is planned and designed for the low-income people of the country to provide them affordable housing.(www.bahriatown.com/index.php)LocationThe Safari Valley is located in Southern part of Rawalpindi City, adjacent to Takht Pari forest on Japan Road. This site falls in Mauza Gali. The main access to this scheme is through Japan Road from G.T. Road, 3 Km from High Court towards Lahore.120 capacious newly constructed Bahria Expressway along River Soan is another access to this project which is correct a year ago.(www.bahriatown.com/index.php)UntitledFigure 3 Study area Location in road networkRoad NetworkThe proposed colony has been planned according to the contemporary principles of planning and design criteria of Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMA) for private housing schemes. Following three types of roads has been proposed.Primary Roads 120 Feet wide of the mark 80 Feet wideCollector Roads 65 Feet wideStreets 40 Feet wideThe safari valley has 37.880 km of 40 wide roads, 6.083km of 65 wide roads, 1.23 km of 80 wide roads and 4.0 km of 120 wide roads.General ConsiderationsIt is desired by the consultant to provide the sub grade durability of the area in general for the construction of the internal roads. The purpose of the structural design is to limit the stresses induced in the sub grade by the traffic to a safe level at which the sub grade deformation is insignificant whilst at the same time ensuring that the road pavement layers themselves do not fail in any way within a specified period of time .In most design methods it is assumed that the routine and periodic maintenance is carried out during the design period of the road and that at the end of the design period , relatively low level of detoriation has occurred.(Structural design of Pavement at Safari valley, SS Soil explore Consultants)For the design of the flexible pavement the following factors should be kept in mind for guidanceEconomic ConsiderationsEffect of climate variation in the material PropertiesConstruction ControlUncertainty in traffic forecastingVariability in material properties and construction control is generally much greater than desired by the engineer and mustiness be taken into account explicitly in the design process. In practice only it is genuinely the variability of the sub grade strong suit that is considered and all other factors are controlled by setting out minimum acceptable values for the key properties by means of the specifications.Nevertheless, it is the task of the designer to estimate the likely variations in layer thickness and material strengths so that the realistic target values and tolerances can be set in the specifications to ensure the satisfactory road performances can be guaranteed as far as possible.Design basisThe purpose of the structural design is to limit the stresses induced in the sub grade by the traffic. Estimating the amount of traffic and the cumulative number of equivalent standard axles that will use the road over the selected design life assessing the strength of the sub grade soil over which the road is built by selecting the most economical combination of the pavement materials and layer thickness that will provide the satisfactory service over the design life of the pavement when appropriate maintenance is carried out.In following paragraphs the instalment layers of a flexible pavement are referred i n these termsSurfacingThis is the upper most layer of the pavement and will normally consist of bituminous surface dressing or a premixed bituminous material .When premixed materials are laid in two layers these are known as wearing sort and base course (or binder course)Road BaseThis is the main load paste layer of the pavement .It will normally consist of crushed rock candy or gravel ,or a gravelly soil ,decomposed rocks, sand and sandy clays stabilized with cement ,lime or bitumen.Sub BaseThis is the secondary load spreading layer underlying the road base .It will normally consist of material of lower quality than that used in the road base such(prenominal) as un processed natural gravels ,gravel-sand or gravel-sand-clay. This layer also serves as a spreading layer preventing contamination of the road base by the sub grade materialCapping LayerWhere very infirm soils are encountered capping layer is sometimes necessary. This may consist of better quality sub grade material im ported from elsewhere or existing sub grade material improved by mechanical and lime stabilization.Sub GradeThis is the upper layer of the natural soil, which may be undisturbed local materials or may be soil excavated elsewhere and designated as fill. In either campaign it is compacted during the construction to give it adequate stability.TrafficIn the present chance no definite traffic pattern can be estimated as the construction period extends to a longer span .During the construction stage, the maximum traffic even over loaded trucks carrying mostly the construction material would apply. After the construction phase .the internal roads of the proposed project are subjected only to the light car traffic, which have very petite destructive effect.The Sub grade causationFollowing is the recommendations for the structural design of the bituminous surfaced roads for the proposed project. The existing sub grade at the site comprises of A 4 soil with PI range of 5 to 8.Determinin g the sub grade strength is necessary for the road construction and required by the design engineer for the internal light traffic roads, which are required to carry up to (assumed traffic) 0.5 million cumulative equivalent standard axles in one direction for the design life of 10 Years. landing field investigation and SamplingAll the field tests necessary for the design of the flexible pavements have been carried out .Test pit locations were selected so that overall picture of the sub surface can be examined .To do this samples from the different locations collected for the classification and California bearing ratio (CBR) .Following field and laboratory tests have been carried out in the detailField dumbness and moisture contentGradation analysisSieve analysisHydrometric analysisHydrometric analysisAASHTO Soil ClassificationLaboratory compaction testLaboratory CBR on soaked conditionsAppreciation of the sub grade conditionThe strength of the sub grade is commonly assessed in the form of California bearing ratio of the sub grade soil and is dependent on the type of the soil, its density and its moisture contentThe likely in situ strength of the sub grade is difficult to assess directly but its value can be obtained from the relationship between CBR, density and moisture content which must be measured in the laboratory for the soil in question, and form the knowledge of in situ density and equilibrium moisture content of the soil under the road. The density of the sub grade soil can be controlled under the road within limits by compaction at suitable moisture content at the time of the construction. The equilibrium moisture content of the sub grade soil is governed by the local climate and the depth of the water table infra the road surfaces.For designing the thickness of the road pavement, the strength of the sub grade should be taken as that of the sub grade soil at the moisture content equal to the wettest moisture condition likely to occur in the sub gra de after the road is opened to traffic.In the present case, field as well as the laboratory testing of different locations was carried out for gradation index and strength parameters and soaked CBR etc. The result of these tests are attached at the end of the reportThe CBR test shows the value of 3.5% having the representative design value of 90% and 95% modified by the AASHTO density .CBR value is considered to be unsatisfactory for the design of the flexible pavement .Therefore it is strongly recommended to provide capping layer over the existing sub grade soil to provide structural support and improve drainpipe conditions at the site. The thickness comes out to be 8 inches.Design RecommendationsThe pavement design of the internal roads of safari valley was calculated using the AASHTO Interim guide .Details of which are belowMethod 01Out of the different methods available for calculating the road design, which cater for the repetition of the standard axle loads during the design life of the various traffic configurations expected on the road .This method caters for the site conditions and type of traffic likely to use the roads after the construction. The pavement design has been worked out as per Overseas Road Note No 31 (Transport and road research Laboratory, TRRL Road personal line of credit 31)The Local soil is moderately plastic for which average soaked CBR value was calculated to be 3.5 % and the same has been incorporated in the design calculations .In case of borrow /selected fill material is to be used for the making of the roads .The Laboratory CBR for that soil should not be less than 3.5 % against 96 hrs soaking.Method 02The pavement design of the internal roads of different categories is calculated using the simplified method as given in civil engineering enchiridion by Leonard Church Urquhart of which is given below.Design ProcedureUsing the graph (annexure A) against the clayey silt conforming to A-4 Soil and CBR of 3.5 % the total thickne ss of pavement above sub base is 15 inches. Keeping a minimum thickness of 8 inches for the base course and the wearing surface the sub base is required to be 7 inches.Since method 1 gave higher values method 1 was adopted.Flexible Pavement DistressesRoads have become important in our lives as a sole mean of communication. Modern roads are smooth, so people can travel easily from one place to another. Maintenance of road network is very important to ensure its continued efficiency and reliability. Normally roads are damaged collectible to environment affects, vehicular loadings and moisture.(Asphalt Institute , MS 16)Asphalt pavement distresses can generally be classified as one of the following typeCracking distorted shape declineSkid hazardSurface intercession distressesDistresses caused can be think toWheel loadsEnvironmentPoor drainageMaterial deficienciesConstruction related deficienciesExternal causes(Utilities)CrackingCracking takes many forms .To make proper repairs, it i s first necessary to determine the cause of cracking .Maintenance procedures generally depend upon the cause of distress, the crack width and the amount of cracking in the affected area.Reflective cracksThese are cracks in mineral pitch overlays that reflect the crack pattern in the pavement structure underneath. The pattern may be longitudinal, transverse, diagonal or block. Reflective cracks are caused by vertical and horizontal movements in the pavement beneath the overlay, induced by expansion and contraction with temperature or moisture changes. They can also be caused by traffic or earth movement or by outlet of moisture in sub grade by high clay content.Edge cracksThese are longitudinal cracks 30 cm or so .They are caused due to lack of lateral support, settlement or yielding of the material beneath the cracked area .This may be the result of poor drainage ,frost heave or shrinkage from drying of the adjoining earth. They may be accelerated by concentration of heavy traffic near the edge of the pavement as well as heavy vegetation near the pavement edge.Block CrackingThey are series of interconnected cracks forming the series of large blocks, 1 to 3 m. Frequently they are caused by volume change of the fine aggregate asphalt mix that have a high content of low keenness asphalt and adsorptive aggregate ,daily temperature cycles and aged asphalt. Block cracking is not load related.Alligator CrackingThey are cracks that constitute to form series of blocks .They can be caused by various reasons such as excess deflection, sub surface moisture conditions, thin asphalt surface, excessive overloading, in adequate pavement design. If the asphalt surface is thin alligator cracking can quickly develop into potholing.Slippage CrackThey are crescent shaped cracks resulting from the horizontal forces induced by the traffic. They result from the lack of bond between the surface layer and the courses beneath. The lack of bond may be due to dust, oil, rubber, dirt wat er or other non adhesive materials between the two courses. The Slippage cracks may result from the mixtures having a high sand content, as well as due to improper compaction.Linear CrackingThis category includes categories such as joint cracks, construction joints, shoulder joint cracks and diagonal cracks. Transverse and diagonal cracks can result from low temperature contraction of the pavement or from the shrinkage of the cement bound base or sub grade soils .longitudinal cracks in the wheel path may be fatigue related and eventually progress into alligator and a random occurring Longitudinal crack can be indicative of the sideways yielding sub grade or fill area. The cause of joint cracks (thermal and longitudinal) can be related to the thermal stresses or insufficient compaction. They can also be caused by a weak bond in the joint.DistortionPavement distortion is the result of asphalt layer instability or granular base and sub base weakness. Distortion takes a number of forms rutting, shoving, corrugation, depression and up heave.RuttingRuts are channelized depressions in the wheel tracks of the pavement surface. Rutting results from consolidation, lateral movement of the sub grade, aggregate base or asphalt layers under traffic load. Rutting may occur in the sub grade and sub base due to insufficient design thickness, lack of compaction or weakness caused by moisture infiltration, down ward and lateral movement of the weak asphalt mixture under heavy wheel loads.Corrugations and shovingCorrugations and shoving are form of plastic movement typified by ripples across the asphalt pavement surface. They occur in the asphalt mixes that lack mix stability. It may also be caused due to excessive moisture in the granular base, contamination due to oil spillage or lack of aeration when placing mixes using emulsified and cut back asphalts.Settlement or grade depressionDepressions are low areas of limited size that may be accompanied by cracking. They may be cause d by traffic over loading or by consolidation, settlement or failure of the lower pavement layers.Up heave or swellUp heave is the localized upward displacement of the pavement due to the swelling of the sub grade. Up heave is most commonly caused by the expansion of ice in the lower courses of the pavement or sub grade. It may also be caused by the swelling effect of the moisture on the expansive soil.Utility cut or patch failureThis is the failure of the utility installation or of a repaired area in the existing pavement. They usually are caused by lack of adequate compaction of the back fill, base or asphalt patch materials. Patch failures may also result from poor installation techniques, inferior materials or failure of the surrounding materials or under lying pavement.DisintegrationDisintegration is the breaking up of the pavement into small, loose fragments. If the problem is not addressed the pavement disintegrates come along until rehabilitation is required.Raveling/Weathe ringThis is the progressive separation of the aggregate particles from the pavement surface downwards and from the surface inwards. Raveling usually occurs in wheel paths while weathering is found in non traffic zones and it extends over all surface.Raveling is caused by lack of HMA compaction, construction of thin lift during the cold weather, dirty or disintegrating aggregates, as well as little asphalt in the mix or over heating of the asphalt mix. Raveling almost always requires the presence of both water and traffic to occur.PotholesPotholes are bowl shaped holes resulting from the localized disintegration. Most potholes occur in the pavements having thin asphalt concrete surface on an untreated aggregate base. Thin surfaces screening severe alligator cracking begin to lose the pieces of the asphalt out of the cracked area creating potholes.Skid HazardsOne of the most common cause of the luxate hazards in the asphalt pavement is a thin film of water on the pavement surface a nother is the thick film of water on the pavement surface that causes a high speed vehicle to hydro plane. Slipperiness may also develop from the surface contamination such as from oil spillage or certain type of clay etc.Bleeding or flushingBleeding or flushing is the upward movement in the asphalt pavement. This results in the formation of film of asphalt on the surface. Bleeding is identified by the pavement surface with a stick, glassy appearance that may be sticking to touch and usually occurs in hot weather .The most common cause of bleeding is excess asphalt in one or more of the pavement courses .Also traffic may cause the over compaction of the asphalt layers, forcing the binder to the surface.Polished aggregateThese are the aggregate particles on the surface of the pavement that have been polished smooth. Some aggregates, particularly lime stone become polished rather quickly under traffic. Some type of gravel are naturally polished and if they are used in the pavement su rface without crushing they will be a skid hazard. These polished aggregates are quite slippery when they are wet.Surface Treatment DistressesBecause of the construction procedures being used, surface treatments may develop some defects that dont occur in other type of pavement surfaces. These include loss of aggregate cover and streaking. Some of the asphalt pavement distresses such as corrugations, depressions, up heave, potholes and raveling occur most frequently in the pavement constructed with surface treatments.Loss of cover aggregateThis distress is identified by the whipping off of aggregate by traffic from a surface treated pavement. Several things can cause loss of aggregate cover including weather too cool, fast traffic permitted on the new surface treatment too soon, a surface absorbing part of the asphalt, aggregates that are too dusty or too dry etc.Longitudinal / Transverse StreakingLongitudinal streaking is alternate lean and heavy lines of asphalt and/or aggregate rill parallel to the center line of the road .Transverse streaking is the same phenomenon except that the direction is running transverse across the road way. Several things can cause longitudinal streaking including improper height of the spray bar, incorrect asphalt pump speed, asphalt too cold, incorrect pump pressure etc. Transverse cracking is caused by spurts in the asphalt spray from the distributor spray bar. These spurs may be produced by improper pump speed, pulsation of the asphalt pump etc.