Factortame Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Factortame - Essay Example 101). This decision seriously threatened the livelihood of Factortame Limited, whose Spanish directors had re-registered 53 Spanish-registered boats as British boats, and also purchased 42 British-registered boats, for a fleet of almost 100 fishing boats to use in UK waters. When the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 was passed, Factortame sought to have a British court overturn it, because it violated the Common Fisheries Policy, and legal principle held that Community law held sway over national law. This had been set as precedent by the ECJ in Costa v. ENEL in 1964 (Drewry, p. 101), but that did not stop the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords make Factortame seek remedy in the ECJ before starting the process on British soil. The Factortame received far more publicity than did Costa, and it brought home to the British public a fact that had been clear to the British legal community for some time: that, in many ways, British sovereignty had been changed as soon as the British government acc eded to membership in the EC (Oliver p. 2). Over time, the British courts have moved to make this change a reality through case law. In the instance of Factortame, the court invalidated provisions that were contradictory to European law, and precedents over time have altered the doctrine of implied repeal. Other changes have included an alteration in the common law presumption of compliance between British statutes and international law, as well as a change in the way that the common law of remedies works, so that it dovetails with European requirements (Oliver, p. 1). Much press has been given to the ways that the European Union has allegedly attempted to rob its member countries of their individuality by instituting regulations in a number of silly ways. According to an editorial in the New York Times, a large urban mythology about this has grown up: The European Union has long tried to dispel myths that its zealous bureaucrats are trying to impinge on national cultures in their bid to harmonize standards in the world's biggest trading bloc. Such myths have included that cucumbers sold in the European Union must not arch more than 10 millimeters for every 10 millimeters of length; that it is against health rules to feed swans stale bread; and that Brussels had decided that shellfish must be given rest breaks and stress-relieving showers during boat journeys over 50 kilometers long." (European Union). Since the Factortame case came well after the Costa case, which was the groundbreaking precedent in establishing the supremacy of European law over national law, it is interesting that it was this case that attracted such attention in the public arena. As Gavin Drewry points out, the case of Factortame was much less of an earthquake in legal circles than it was in public opinion, because relevant precedent had been set almost fifteen years before, and the legal community was accustomed to seeing British statutes get set aside when they came into conflict with European law. The timing of Factortame was what made the case such a significant event in the public arena: it occurred during Prime Minister Thatcher's Conservative

Voluntourism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Voluntourism - Research Paper Example Voluntourism comes from a desire to contribute something, however small, to the wellbeing of people who are otherwise disadvantaged. It gives those who get involved in it the opportunity to visit new countries, experience new environments, and most of all, to learn about the cultures of those people among whom they will be living. Voluntourism provides regular people the chance to visit places, which they would otherwise not normally visit, such as the slums in less developed countries. Some types of voluntourism involve people visiting places for the purpose of studying their environment, or being able to conduct other scientific studies. Those who participate in voluntourism projects have to provide a fee whose purpose is to cover the expenses during their travels in different parts of the world. Furthermore, the participants are required to participate in projects within the countries, which they visit, and this is usually based on their location and their personal interests. The people who originally went for voluntourism tended to have a direct connection to the causes in which they were going to volunteer. The organizations that facilitated their travel considered the duration of their travels to be of the short-term, volunteering in projects in the countries, which they were visiting. ... These often gave people the opportunity to contribute to these projects for short periods before going back to their home countries. The origins of what came to be voluntourism can be traced back to the United States Peace Corps, which created a path for volunteers (voluntourists) to travel all over the world (La Prensa San Diego, 2011). Later, the need to travel, while contributing something to the less advantaged communities in the world, became immensely popular among college students; this led to the development of exchange programs, which enabled students, to tour to and study in the countries of their preference. Not only did these students get to know more about these countries and enjoy themselves, some even volunteer in local projects (Wagner, 2009). Voluntourism also came to affect the scientific field because some scientific organization saw it as a way through which they could get the public interested in science. These organizations facilitated the bringing collectively of scientists and unpaid assistants in various locations around the world, which had scientific projects. This served a dual purpose as it provided free labor for scientists in the field, that is, the volunteers while it was also a source of additional funding to the projects, through the fees paid by the volunteers. Voluntourism picked up pace in the 1990s when companies in the travel industry developed means through which individuals could go on vacation, and while on it, also volunteer in various projects. These companies targeted those people who wanted to travel and had no prior experience with causes. The products provided by the travel industry attracted a large number of young people, who tend to be the most adventurous of all age groups (Hansen, 2009).

Overview And Advantages Of E Books Information Technology Essay

Overview And Advantages Of E Books Information Technology Essay 2. Ebooks are good for the environment. Ebooks save trees. Ebooks eliminate the need for filling up landfills with old books. Ebooks save transportation costs and the pollution associated with shipping books across the country and the world. 3. Ebooks preserve books. (The library of Alexandria was burned and the collection ruined. Richard Burtons wife, after his death and against his wishes, destroyed a book he had been working on for ten years. The original manuscript of Carlyles The French Revolution was lost when a friends servant tossed it into the fire.) Ebooks are ageless: they do not burn, mildew, crumble, rot, or fall apart. Ebooks ensure that literature will endure. 4. Ebooks faster to produce than paper books, allow readers to read books about current issues and events. 5. Ebooks are easily updateable, for correcting errors and adding information. 6. Ebooks are searchable. Quickly you can find anything inside the book. Ebooks are globally searchable: you can find information in many ebooks. 7. Ebooks are portable. You can carry an entire library on one DVD. 8. Ebooks (in the form of digital audio books) free you to do other activities while you are listening. 9. Ebooks can be printable: and thereby give a reader most or all of the advantages of a paper-based book. 10. Ebooks defy time: they can be delivered almost instantly. Ebooks are transported to you faster than overnight shipping: in minutes or in seconds. 11. Ebooks defy space: ebooks online can be read simultaneously by thousands of people at once. 12. Ebooks are cheaper to produce. Thus, small presses can attempt to compete with media giants. 13. Ebooks are cheaper to buy. 14. Ebooks are free. The magnificent work of Project Gutenberg, and other online public libraries, allow readers to read the classics at no cost. 15. Ebooks can be annotated without harming the original work. 16. Ebooks make reading accessible to persons with disabilities. Text can be re-sized for the visually impaired. Screens can be lit for reading in the dark. 17. Ebooks can be hyper-linked, for easier access to additional information. 18. Ebooks with additional software and hardware can read aloud to you. 19. Ebooks let you tweak the style. Many ebooks allow readers to change the font style, font size, page size, margin size, colors, and more. 20. Ebooks may allow the option for the addition of multimedia: still images, moving images, and sound. 21. Ebooks, with their capacity for storage, encourage the publishing of books with many pages, books that might be too expensive to produce (and purchase) in paperback. 22. Ebooks without outrageous DRM schemes are made for sharing. Ebooks can be quickly duplicated, and then distributed to strangers or given to your friends. Worry no more about your loaned books that will never be returned. 23. Ebooks empower individuals to write and to publish, and in this way help to challenge the crushing power of big publishing, that excludes so many authors from the New York City publishing circus. Publishing can move from the impersonal and profitable, to the personal and pleasurable. 24. Ebooks thanks to the simplicity and speed of publication and feedback allow authors to experiment in many themes and styles. 25. Ebooks posted online encourage comments, corrections, and feedback which eliminates mistakes and improves accuracy especially important when dealing with scientific and technological issues. 26. Ebooks allow publishers to publish (and readers to read) works by a larger number of authors, and works on a wider variety of topics. Critics of traditional book publishing (such as Jason Epstein and Andre Schriffin) state that economic pressures have reduced and limited the number of authors and topics that traditional publishers will now produce. 27. Ebooks defeat attempts at censorship. All these works were banned:  Analects  by Confucius.  Lysistrata  by Aristophanes. Ars Amorata by Ovid. Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio by John Milton.  The Scarlet Letter  by Hawthorne.  Wonder Stories  by H.C. Andersen.  Leaves of Grass  by Walt Whitman.  The Kreutzer Sonata  by Leo Tolstoy.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and  Huckleberry Finn  by Mark Twain.  Ulyssesby James Joyce. Many of these books were confiscated, burned, or denied availability in libraries, bookstores and schools. Ebooks guarantee that readers maintain their right to read. 28. Ebooks help paperbook publishers to sell paperbooks. Cory Doctorow has explained that the giving away of ebooks, for free, has helped to sell the paperback editions of his stories and novels. 29. Ebooks are evolving. As technology develops, ebooks may contain new features. For example, a book of recipes may contain a recipe calculator to figure how much maple syrup is needed to bake 200 cookies. An ebook that prepares you for the GRE could include an interactive test. An ebook about politics might allow you to click a link and register to vote, or send an email to a Congressman that tells him he is not a good environmental steward. 30. Ebooks are good for paperbook publishing. By setting an example for diversity and freedom of expression, ebooks may motivate the stagnant book publishing industry towards the renewal of small presses, the end of the blockbuster-bestseller publishing mentality, and a healthier balance between the needs of commerce and culture. http://www.successconsciousness.com/ebooks_benefits.htm An ebook is a book in electronic format. It is downloaded to a computer, PC, Mac, laptop, PDA or any other kind of computer, and is read on the screen. It can have numbered pages, table of contents, pictures and graphics, exactly like a printed book. It is very simple and easy to purchase and download ebooks through the Internet. It is exactly like purchasing any other product. The only difference is that after payment you will either be directed to a download page or receive the download link in an email. All you have to do is click on the link and the ebook will automatically download to your computer, to a folder of your own choice. After download you dont have to be connected to the Internet in order to read the ebook. You can stay offline. If you wish to have it printed, it is very easy. Just click on the print button in the ebook, to print it with your home printer. Ebooks are delivered almost instantaneously. You can purchase, download and start reading them within minutes, without leaving your chair. You dont have to go to a bookstore to buy them, neither wait for them for days, weeks and sometimes more to arrive in the mail. No trees are required to manufacture paper for the pages of ebooks. When you need certain information, you can get it immediately, by downloading an ebook. Many ebooks are sold nowadays with bonuses, which you usually do not get with a printed book. This adds value to your purchase. Ebooks take up less space. You practically dont need any space to store them. You dont need a library or a room for them. You can store hundreds and thousands of ebooks in your computer. Ebooks are portable. You can carry a whole library of hundreds of books with you, on CD, in a laptop, notebook or any ebook reader, without worrying about their weight. With today technology you can read ebooks anywhere, on the bus, train, airplane and while standing in line. Ebooks are more safely stored and carried from one place to another, than ordinary books. They also withstand time more than books. Ebooks can show links, for easy access to more information and related websites. Ebooks are searchable. You can easily search for any information in an ebook, instead of turning page after page. Ebooks can be interactive and contain audio, video and animations, which can enhance the message that the author is trying to convey. As ebooks are delivered through the Internet, there are no packing and shipping expenses. Ebooks can be printable, so that if you wish to read an ebook in the traditional way, you can very inexpensively print it with your home printer or at any printing shop. Fonts in ebooks can be resized, making it easier to read for people with disabilities. With an additional software it is possible to turn some of the ebooks into audio books. Ebooks are very easy to to sell and distribute. It is very simple and easy to purchase and download an ebook. People living in big modernized cities, in a remote village in a far away country or on a small island, can equally access an ebook. It takes them the same amount of time to purchase and download an ebook, provided they have an Internet connection. It is possible to purchase an ebook 24 hours a day, every day of the year, from the comfort of your own house or office. You can purchase and download an ebook, even if you are on a vacation, if you have a laptop and wireless Internet connection. People are already spending a lot of time in front of their computers, so why not read and ebook, instead of doing something else? Nowadays one can find ebooks about every possible subject, fiction and nonfiction, free and not free.Considering non-fiction ebooks, such ebooks disseminate knowledge not pages, which means that it is not correct to evaluate the price of an ebook according to the number of its pages. The price should be determined by the information it contains, its usefulness and relevancy, and on how much it gives you in terms of practical knowledge, inspiration, motivation, tips and advice, and also by the uniqueness of the information it contains. http://www.tka.co.uk/ebook-tools/why-ebooks.htm Once downloaded (from the Web, a CD ROM or a floppy disk), eBooks can be  viewed whilst offline  (although some external links will only work when you are online). Unlike websites, they can be  easily distributed  to other users Unlike standalone documents, such as a Word or Excel file, eBooks can contain a variety of documents and files, all conveniently packaged  in a single file. Unlike paper-based books, eBooks can be  easily updated. A eBook can even have a link to a website which contains the latest downloadable version of the book. The  production cost of eBooks is minimal, a big benefit of you are distributing them in any quantity, either free or for a price. If you need  security, eBooks can be compiled so as to disable printing, can be password protected and can prevent individual files from being copied (although no-one has found a way of preventing anything from being re-typed!) http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Benefits-of-Ebook-Publishingid=390438 1)An eBook can be your springboard. At the 2006 Romantic Times conference in Daytona Beach, Florida, I met a few editors with the top romance publishers, all of whom were seeking out romance eBook authors. As eBook sales and productions rises in the romance and erotic romance genres, these editors are aware of the great sales potential involved in bringing eBook authors with high readership into their catalogs. Go to your favorite bookstore and look up authors Sherrilyn Kenyon, Angela Knight, and Sylvia Day. What do they have in common aside from being bestselling authors? Their earliest titles were originally published in eBook format! Depending upon the genre you write and the following you develop, your eBook success can be a springboard to commercial publishing accomplishments. Make the sales and the big players will notice, regardless of whether or not your book is on paper. 2) Faster Turnaround Do you know how long it takes for a book to see print, from submission to release? Various factors play into a final answer. A small university press may not take as long as a well-known New York house. A book could take anywhere from several months to several years before it is made available for sale. With eBooks, that time frame might not be as long. This is not, mind you, because eBooks go through a sloppy editing process. While some eBooks may appear to have been rushed (more on that below), there are many eBook publishers that have professional editors on staff to ensure a quality end product. eBook production may be quicker than traditional print publication due to a number of factors. Formatting does not take long to do, for one, and cover art needs are drastically reduced. You can produce a great cover that sells and not have to worry about sizing or color bleeds for print. A good number of eBook romance publishers offer a turnaround from acceptance as quick as three months! While some authors wait for their books, an eBook author can have two or three out in the same amount of time. 3) Higher Percentage of Royalties I once read an article by the late Southern humorist Lewis Grizzard, who wrote for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution and authored more than twenty books. He wrote that despite all the books and columns under his belt, he was not a rich man. Knowing how some publishers deal with author royalties, this statement no longer surprises me! Depending upon your status as author, and the budget of the publishing house, you could make as much as ten to twenty percent of the net sales of your book. Some houses will raise the percentage once you reach a certain benchmark, like a thousand or more copies. However, since the average book in the United States sells five hundred, it is safe to say thousands of authors may never get that raise. Unless you are the rare J.K Rowling or Stephen King (both of whom, to be fair, do profit on subsidiary sales), you may not be rolling immediately in the millions. eBook publication, however, offers the opportunity to make some decent money, more so if you gain a strong readership. Because of the low resources involved in eBook production, there is more opportunity to pay royalties on sales. Most eBook publishers offer as much as thirty to fifty percent of net sales. An author with a strong following can make several hundred dollars a month! 4) Same good book, less waste Next time you are at the bookstore, take a look at the bargain bin. Many hardcover books, some probably touted as bestsellers, are marked down significantly to clear away inventory. What is not sold is eventually recycled. I know of one author whose book was heavily remaindered, as it is called. What was not sold, he said wistfully, was turned into toilet paper! In this respect, eBook production is very environmentally sound. Because the books are produced digitally, no trees are harmed. An eBook may be read on a computer or handheld personal digital assistant, both of which can store several books for your enjoyment. With a PDA full of eBooks, there is less to carry when you go on vacation! 5) More control Do you have an idea for typesetting over cover art for your book? Chances are if you sign with a major publisher, you may not have much creative input. With my first novel, I was allowed some input, but my ideas were ultimately not used for the cover art. The same might be said with the marketing of your book. Publishers have budgets to meet, and may not be able to satisfy every authors desires. eBook publishers in recent years, however, may be very author friendly. Closer contact with staff may allow an author to have more input in production and design. Some eBook publishers may allow authors to design their own covers. Whether or not this is a good thing remains to be seen, but the fact remains that the lines of communication between authors and staff are open wide. The author is permitted to be very active throughout editing and production, and it turn it may inspire the author to be more productive. More opportunity for money, more input, and more support are among the benefits of producing your manuscript through electronic means. As we further delve into a new age of publishing, eBooks lead the charge into a new dimension of entertainment for readers and productivity for writers. http://www.powerhomebiz.com/vol127/ebooks.htm 1. Theyre quicker to obtain. If you want specific information and its available in a book, you can purchase an eBook and download it immediately. Instead of waiting for a printed book to be delivered, you can assess this information now. 2. eBooks are more easily updated and upgraded. Information changes rapidly today. Books on many subjects can become dated very quickly. eBooks can be easily and quickly kept up to date. When you order an eBook, it can be the most up-to-the-minute information available. 3. You usually get far more than just the book. Most eBooks are sold with bonuses and related information that usually dont come with the purchase of a traditional book. You might pay the same or even a bit more for an eBook, but you usually get more, too. 4. eBooks take up less space.  Instead of a bulky library, you can fit literally thousands of books on your computer. It also makes it easier to share this information with family and coworkers. 5. eBooks dont use up trees. Except when you print one outsomething I usually do for booklets and special reportseBooks use very few natural resources. We save trees and help reduce pollution from pulp mills. 6. Theyre more portable. You can have quick and easy access to hundreds of books on your desktop computer, notebook or eBook reader. Theyre much easier to take with you than traditional tomes. 7. References can be hot-linked.  Easy links to Web sites and other references can be placed in an electronic book. While reading, you can click on hot links to other places to find out more. With the proliferation of wireless networks, this will become even more useful. 8. You can custom brand them. Other peoples eBooks can be branded with your name and you can allow others to brand YOUR eBooks with THEIR name. There are many viral eBooks and reports that the creators will often allow you to give away or sell, with your name or companys name shown on the cover or linked at the end. 9. You can do global searches and find information quickly. When youre looking for certain information within a book, you can easily find it using the find feature. It saves you time and aggravation looking for something in particular. 10. The technology will get better.  This is an emerging technology and people are often slow to change. But as the quality of monitors improve and become more compact and mobile, more and more well be reading electronic books. > AuthorRita A. Renner, Hoffman Marketing Communications, Inc. Contributors 7 Wendy Allen Shelburne, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, United States 7 John Ingram, University of Florida, United States 7 Antero Laiho, University Library of Turku, Finland 7 Ay-Ling Ong, Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI) Amsterdam, The Netherlands 7 Peter te Boekhorst Oliver Obst, University of Muenster, Germany, General and Medical Libraries 7 Jane Miller, Victoria University, Australia As electronic publishing matures, research and academic libraries are beginning to supplement their print holdings with electronic publications. This transition began with scientific journals, and is now advancing into academic and scholarly books, as well. In the past few years, corporate and government libraries have also begun acquiring eBooks along with print holdings. eBooks provide substantial advantages to libraries and their users. Both parties gain from 24/7 access, simultaneous user access, wider selection, and immediate updates, while libraries also benefit from back-end efficiencies, such as a lack of storage requirements, reduced maintenance costs, and reduced staffing time for physical handling and processing of print books. Many libraries recognize that eBooks offer an ideal opportunity to increase existing collections while enhancing users research experiences at the same time. Some libraries have adopted significant eBook acquisition programs However, the interviewed librarians agreed that is still early days and that the market for eBooks is just developing. Perceived benefits of eBooks to the users Participants agreed that the immediate, permanent, 24/7, simultaneous access to up-to date content represented the most important user benefit offered by eBooks. A 2007 study published by the University of London concurs, with eBook users citing availability, convenience, content freshness, and navigation and search capabilities as the formats most important advantages. As Jane Miller of Victoria University explains, The eBook is accessible from the catalogue, so there is no need to search physically for it. Once the title is located in the catalogue, a simple click on the link takes the user to the full-text book. Another benefit important to users was the increased functionality of eBooks, such as multimedia additions, hyperlinking, and searching within or among documents. As the University of Turkus Antero Laiho observed, reference-geared material is ideally suited to electronic formats, and often becomes the entry point into a larger eBook acquisition strategy. For reference works, the benefit is in updating the material, e.g. handbooks and encyclopaedias and so on, and thats where electronic is a very good idea. You can use the reference works from your home, from your office, and you dont have to come to the library any more. So we first started subscribing to some reference works and I found that we got good feedback what a wonderful idea that I can search for a concept or fact when Im working at home in the evening and so gradually I got more and more accustomed to the idea of buying eBooks as well. Rating of benefits of eBooks The participants rated 11 potential eBook benefits on a scale of one to seven. Enhanced user access, enhanced functionality, and access to greater amounts of content areas all scored highly as areas in which eBooks provided clear advantages over print publications to all participants. Speed of adoption Electronic journal collections have paved the way for other eBook holdings. eJournal users have become comfortable with electronic delivery in a very short period of time. According to University of Muensters Oliver Obst, We no longer have any journals that are only available in print. This means that the scientists are accustomed to getting everything from us electronically. The eBooks will fit into this very well. Heavier, more efficient use Search functionality reduces time spent on each title and increases the number of titles reviewed for a given project. Decline in the use of printed books In the longer term, the increase in eBook usage may be accompanied by a decline in the use of the printed versions, although in some cases online usage may stimulate usage of the print title, too, through a kind of promotional effect. Book type, discipline determines usage The librarians stressed that, in principle, researchers and students from all disciplines are ready to use eBooks. Adoption of the e-format may be fastest in rapidly-changing science disciplines, for example computer science and medicine, where books must be updated quickly and frequently. As the University of Illinois Wendy Shelburne explains, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ on some levels, all disciplines are ready to make the conversion from printed material to eBooks. eBook management Most libraries surveyed followed similar procedures for managing eBooks. For example, none of the respondents employ personnel dedicated to eBook holdings, but jointly manage eBooks and print collections. Surveyed libraries integrate eBooks through the OPAC, which flags content as electronic or print. As Turkus Antero Laiho explains, proper MARC information is critical for the OPAC importation process. It is essentialnfor us to get MARC records from the publisher because that is one of the big money savers, the fact that we dont have to do it manually. It is very slow and expensive work to do the cataloguing manually. Library policy towards eBooks eBook acquisition continues to increase, though most libraries agree that it will be many years, if ever, before their collections become electronic-only. Two of the six surveyed libraries have committed to a long-term electronic-only goal. Toward that end, they do not acquire print copies parallel to the electronic versions, except in cases where users explicitly demand print copies. Others are proceeding more conservatively. As CWI Amsterdam explains, The current Springer eBook package is a kind of test balloon. It I the librarys first experience with eBooks, and it will be used as the basis for assessing the future policy towards adoption of eBooks. The most significant area for cost savings of eBooks over print was in physical handling and processing binding, labeling, transport, and repair. According to the University of Muenster, This is an area that largely disappears with the transition from print to eBooks. What is not yet entirely clear, however, is whether it will entirely disappear or whether eBook management will continue to involve some form of physical handling, e.g. going online periodically to check that titles can still be accessed on the host platform, provision and maintenance of PC terminals, installation and updating of Acrobat Reader, provision of printing facilities. Storage and archiving always represents an issue as well as a cost factor for libraries. This is another area where librarians expect significant cost advantages from eBooks, assuming that publishers handle online archiving. Other processes where eBooks have significant cost advantages are circulation and shelf maintenance. According to CWI Amsterdam, [With eBooks] the whole loan process would no longer be required, involving chasing users for returns, etc. This aspect can be very time-consuming. Victoria University Melbourne recognized shelving and reshelving costs as an opportunity for savings, as well, estimating that shifting from print to entirely electronic holdings would save A$350,000 annually in salaries to reshelving personnel at its 12 libraries. Long term savings in space are also desirable at Victoria University Melbourne in order to create more student places to enhance the student learning experience While the following tasks may differ for eBooks and print books, librarians rated near-term costs as roughly equal, with potential long-term cost savings. Collections development A publishers packaging determines the degree of economic benefit libraries receive. If a package contains a large number of titles the library would have purchased individually, eBooks can provide substantial benefits. However, some librarians felt that the cost differences will be negligible, since expenses will be shifted to pricing and licensing negotiations. Order processing Some libraries, such as CWI Amsterdam, reported that eBook packaging made bulk ordering more efficient. Others cited inefficient and varied order processes on different publisher Web sites as reasons that ordering eBooks was more complicated and time-consuming than print. All participants agreed that eBook ordering would become more efficient over time. Receipt and check-in Every survey participant rated the cost of processing acquired print and electronic books roughly equal. According to the University of Muenster, With eBooks, I dont have to stick a label on it anymore Ive saved on that but stock-taking procedures are more or less the same, so that the book enters the librarys holding list. Reader instruction and helpdesk In the long term, librarians have high hopes that eBooks will reduce support costs. As Peter te Boekhorst of the University of Muenster notes, I dont need to spend a long time explaining to users how to use a PDF file, but I have to explain to 35 people every day where to find 3F or 3H, etc. This problem of finding your way around the library would disappear. In the short term, however, libraries must spend their time and budget acclimating users to new technology and advertising eBook availability, negating any substantial cost savings. Mr. Antero Laiho believes thisnphase is inevitable. The resources are very expensive so when we buy them we want them to be used as must as possible. So it is the librarys responsibility as well to promote these new acquisitions. Library infrastructure While eBooks save shelf space, surveyed librarians did not agree that this will provide any significant short term cost-savings. Future prospects for eBooks All of the librarians involved in the study see a future for eBooks in the academic realm and all believe that there will be a far-reaching transition to electronic books. However, numerous challenges remain, such as licensing agreements and access arrangements, Most of the interviewees agreed that the evolution of users away from print toward electronic books will take at least another 5-10 years, although researchers in some disciplines (e.g., STM) and younger users may make this transition more rapidly. The printed book will never cease to exist. According to the University of Illinois Ms. Shelburne, I cant see certain types of print going away for a very long time. Still, libraries of the future may well look different, with electronic resources accounting for a greater percentage of total holdings. While print resources will occupy shelves, library patrons will access eBooks and other electronic resources via computer terminals or from remote locations. http://www.articlesbase.com/gadgets-and-gizmos-articles/the-benefits-of-ebook-reader-comparison-in-the-internet-3557222.html There are many reasons why most people choose to go for Kindle these days. For one, it enables you to easily collect all the books that you desire to read. It has a huge storage capacity which can store over thousands of your favourite books, magazines, and others. That means that you no longer have to waste time finding these reading materials outside. Plus it makes you spare so much space at home for your other things. You can also take it with you wherever you go since its naturally made portable. Physically, this product is smaller and thinner than those paperback books at 8 x 5.3 x 0.36 inches. It allows you to download a bunch of eBooks at the very least price. If you think youre not technically-inclined, then theres no need to worry because this device is user-friendly. Fresh from the box, its already guaranteed to work right away. It requires no computer or set-up whatsoever anymore. As long as youre within the US, this unit enables you to connect wirelessly. It is also as mobile as your cellular phone is. This time,  searching  for some sites online, like Wikipedia, Google, and more, is now doable straight from this e-based book. Furthermore, it comes with accident-proof buttons, smooth controls, standard keyboard, and great overall design which, in return, improve the scrolling, selecting, and highlighting functions of the device. Are you tired and sick of searching for a hotspot whenever you wanted to connect to the Internet? If you were, then this devices feature on Whispernet should sound as a relief. Through this, the users can already go online anywhere, anytime they want

Legality :: essays research papers

Today the vast majority of authors get little or no income from copyright royalties. For instance, scientific, technical, and academic journals usually pay nothing to their authors, and most scientific, technical and academic books earn only a few hundred dollars in royalties. Newspaper writers work on salary, and so do magazine writers, or they are free lancers who are paid a flat rate, not a royalty. Only a tiny percentage of authors make any significant portion of their personal income from royalties. Even in the case of books, typically only around five percent of the retail price goes back to the author. Yes, it is good for writers to be paid, but copyright royalties are a very inefficient way of doing it. So why was copyright developed? It was because of the invention of the printing press. For thousands of years, the only way written works could be duplicated was through a slow and extremely expensive process of copying by hand. But then the printing press was invented and it became possible to produce an unlimited number of inexpensive copies. However, there was a catch. To produce a printed book requires a very large expense ahead of time for things like editing, typesetting, running off at least a few hundred copies of the book, and promotion. A publisher would be willing to invest all this money only if it knew it would have exclusive rights to publish the book. Otherwise any book that was a hit would immediately be copied by other publishers, and the original publisher would get little or no return on its investment. So copyright law was created to promote publishing so that the public could enjoy the fruits of the new technology of printing. We have copyright for music recordings for the same reason. The invention of the phonograph made possible cheap copies of music. However, a great deal of money is required to produce the record--recording studio time, paying musicians, editing, producing a master, producing records at a factory--and also for promoting and distributing it. Copyright for music guarantees exclusive rights to sell a record, so music companies are willing to put up the money ahead of time to produce records in hopes they will make a profits from them. So copyright was invented so that society could enjoy the fruits of new inventions for reproducing works. But now we have new technologies that radically change the economics of reproduction.

Compare & Contrast Taming of the Shrew Essay

The couples in Taming of the Shrew all have various personalities. They all can be determined in different ways, through actions and emotions. Katherine and Petruchio are both similar when it comes to being dimwitted and arrogant which brings them both together emotionally. Katherine and Petruchio are both very different beings, yet also the same. They have different views of life and intentions but the way they express it is mutual. Comparing them is quite easy; because Katherine is actually they way she is because she covers it up with her true emotions that she wants to show. For example, her father favors her sister Bianca also the fact that she fears of never being able to get married to someone who can deal with her. She comes off as a Shrew not because that’s how she really is, it’s because it’s really a cover up of her emotions. Men back in the day looked down to her for being intelligent, and Katherine being hard headed showed them that they can’t tame or mess with her. Her having a mouth and being strong minded ended up molding her personality to the public, as some rude, uncontrollable woman. The one and only Petruchio, has intentions of only taming her for her money but in the process he ends up enjoying the ride and the company of â€Å"Kate†. With him being selfish and horrible it ends up actually being a good compare for the two because their personalities fit each other, either one can benefit from the other or nonetheless. Petruchio thinks that he can tame Kate, and that marriage is just about controlling wives. With both of them bumping heads all the time, one eventually has to give in because a person can only take so much until they reach their boiling point. He doesn’t care about anyone else but his self; compared to Kate she still has morals to certain people. But Petruchio only talks to or deals with anyone who can benefit him. But when Kate intervenes in his life it all changes, slowly to both of them. In conclusion, the two or both bad for each other yet good. Katherine has found someone to actually deal with her and her wittiness and Petruchio ends up having feelings for her, and not just being mainly focused on her money.  The couple rarely has differences in characteristics; the only thing they differentiate in is their intentions for each other. The main thing they are mutual in is their feelings and attitude to the outside world and each other.

A Woman’s Voice: the Poems of Sappho of Lesbos

`A Woman’s Voice: The Poems of Sappho of Lesbos(6th Century B. C. )` Sappho Translated by Stanley Lombardo Alley Miller- HIS 100 – Mid-Term Exam Essay `Sappho of Lesbos lived in a time in Greece where we have very little record of female accomplishments. Her poetry influenced stylistic poetry of the time and can be compared in composition and style to Elizabeth Barrett Browning or Richard Brautigan of a more modern era. Perhaps, what may be most notable about Sappho is that not only did her work influence poets much later, but they were widely â€Å"revered throughout the ancient world†, even when many more modern female poets were looked down on with distain. One must ask, while reviewing her work: what can we learn about Sappho’s life, the historical context in which she lived, andthe influence of her status as a woman from her poetry? `Many poets through history have concealed their true sexual identity to achieve a status of acceptance in the greater population, but there is no indication in Sappho’s poems that would lead us to believe she made a similar choice. In addition, other than the possible inclinations toward an attraction toward other women, her poetry is vastly conforming to the feminine idea. She did not fight to hide her sexuality or her gender. This speaks to the reader that, perhaps, ancient Greece was widely liberal views of sexuality. Obvious reference to fe male-female affection, yet still openly accepted by her peers. This affection did not conform to the â€Å"heterosexual role stereotype† that many same sex relationshipsdepicted by other sources conform to. This heterosexual role idea usually dictates that no matter the gender of two lovers one must adhere to the masculine role while the other to the feminine. ` `In Sappho’s poetry we do not see this. Throughout, her poetry she focuses largely on women, referring to: Aphrodite, a female lover, the women that surround soldiers, and Helen of Troy. She describes each as having feminine qualities with beauty, gentility, and fragility. However, she still describes herself with the same qualities and even humbles herself by begging the god Aphrodite and bolsters male dominance in Poem 20 by referring to the man that seems to be in possession of her lover as â€Å"just like a god†. This phrase and this poem as a whole indicate that, while homosexual relationships may be accepted, one must ultimately put a heterosexual one first. ` The poet did not fight to hide her gender and wrote in a very soft, feminine way. She did not convey a feeling of dominance or toughness, but rather a soft, sweet, almost timid, connotation. Even when speaking of wars, she does it with certain subtleness thatsuggests beauty braiding in images like â€Å"delicate†, â€Å"gliding†, â€Å"flute’s melody†, and focused on the sweet senses. Sappho was â€Å"A Woman’s Voice† in a time where most other women’s voices were blotted out. She was praised even during her time, while some similar modern poets were forced to conceal for success. This says something about the time in which she lived: that while it was undoubtedly male dominated there must have been some level of female acceptance and worth.

Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Example

Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Example Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Yesterday I witnessed what I believe to be one of the greatest speeches of all time. It was at the bloody battlefield of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was at this juncture where many soldiers lost their lives fighting for freedom, and a unified nation. President Abraham Lincoln gave a speech in response to the horrific battle that took place the first three days in July of this year. The speech, although short, expressed some very good points. The peak of it, which I believe to be moving on and continuing to fight for what those men died for. He made a point of telling the people that those men had not died in vain but in honor.The cause they died for was righteous and what they had accomplished would never be forgotten even long after his speech was. The way in which the speech concluded seemed to almost be an encouragement to the people to keep fighting for the cause. He ended, and I quote, that we here resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God , shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from this earth. This speech, along with encouraging people to keep fighting, gave them hope for a better nation and a free country. Although many people look upon this speech as diminutive for such a serious occasion, I believe everything that needed to be said was said. Any additional elaboration on the subject might have made the speech drawn out and off target. Overall I believe that this speech was appropriate as well as influential.

Canadas Emergence As A Stronger Nation After World War Two essays

Canadas Emergence As A Stronger Nation After World War Two essays In the years following World War Two, Canada displayed its newfound role as one of the leading nations of the world. The conclusion of the Second World War created a time of remarkable economic prosperity throughout the country. Canadas economy boomed as it shifted from being primarily resource based to becoming a significantly service based economy. Also, the end of the war brought a noteworthy political alteration. Canada became increasingly independent from Britain as well as becoming an internationally accepted political power on a world front. Cultural transformations were also clear after World War Two. It became apparent to the Canadian Government that it would have to work to preserve and protect a distinctive Canadian culture and also incorporate the increasing immigrant population. With these changes, Canada emerged from the Second World War as a stronger nation, not only economically, but also in a political and cultural sense. Firstly, the 1950s were a time of enormous growth in the industries of Canada. Prior to the end of the Second World War; Canadas economy was for the most part resourced based. However, with the conclusion of World War Two, Canada shifted to a more service based economy. By 1955, service industries accounted for 50 per cent of the countrys income, with the remaining 50 per cent coming from manufacturing and construction, and the extraction and processing of primary products . Agriculture was still dominant in the primary industries, but forest and mineral products displayed increasing expansion at the time. With the increase of the service and manufacturing industries came an overall boost in the economy. As a result of the success of the service based economy, the gross national product grew from $12 billion in 1946 to something over $30 billion in the first half of 1957 . These statistics show an average increase of 25 per cent per year while the average increase per year in Can. ..

From Bookstore to Theater, Turning Your Book into a Movie

From Bookstore to Theater, Turning Your Book into a Movie After years of research, writing and submitting, your book is published. Your dream is a reality. But through the process you had another dream – to see your written words come to life as a movie.   There are two routes to making this possible. Your first option is to find a literary agent to represent your book in the entertainment industry. The industry loves â€Å"IP† (intellectual property). From the Marvel universe to The Hunger Games, this is an industry that â€Å"hungers† for the next big thing, and they prefer to find those through agents.   Agents are flooded with submissions, but if your book has a following, reviews, and positive press, it may be considered for representation. Finding such an agent follows the same path used to find an agent for your book- research. To get a feel for the industry you’ll want to start reading industry trades The Hollywood Reporter and Variety. You should already know aboutIMDb.com (Internet Movie Database), and the monthly subscription toIMDbPro.com has fairly up-to-date contact information (you’ll see who representsSuzanne Collins, author of The Hunger Games).   Identify the agent’s submission policy. It’s all about that first impression. If you are fortunate enough to secure an agent, and they get your work optioned, then the process moves into higher gear.   Generally, you will receive an upfront payment for a specific time period of optioned rights. You may or may not have input into the adaptation of your book into a screenplay. If your book is not produced Your second option is to produce your own movie. This means a substantial learning curve and working with a team of creatives. To start, you adapt your book into a screenplay, which is easier said than done. As a novelist you adjust your thinking because a screenplay only paints what needs to be visualized. Start reading IndieWire.com and FilmmakerMagazine.com for a feel of the industry. Attend film festivals to see independent films come to life.   See if your state has a film office. Through all these new resources you may come across a screenwriter to work with.   The Writers Guild of America is also a wonderful resource. Want to write the screenplay yourself? I highly recommend the software Final Draft. With your script complete, submit to festivals with screenwriting competitions (FilmFreeway.com). Winning nominations and awards validates your screenplay.   Find the right cast and crew, which can be a challenge. Seek out local colleges or universities that offer a film program and castings for independent short and feature films. Volunteer to help on set or, if you’re interested in acting – audition! From there you will learn what happens on a set. Carefully plan your film budgets to include distribution. Shane Carruth’s award winning Primer was produced for $7,000 with a box office gross of over $400,000. Look him up to see where he is now. You probably once thought that publishing a book was just a dream, but there it is in your hands. If you apply the same discipline, determination and patience to the film industry, you may find yourself in a theater watching your book unfold on the silver screen.

Christian World Veiw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christian World Veiw - Essay Example According to the Book of Romans, Sin leads to our alienation from God, thus destroying our relationship with Him (Romans 5). Paul emphasizes that Sin came about in the world because of the actions of one man, referring to the Original Sin made by Adam, and this Sin brought about death to all mankind (Romans 5:12-13). He adds that while humans try to resist the pull towards Sin, it is only by the grace of God that we will be able to transcend the gap between us and Him. God’s salvation is clearly outlined in the Book of Romans. Chapter 5 promises that humans are now reconciled with God through Christ’s death. However, this is only possible if we likewise conformed to the ways of Christ, in which we do as He did so that we would be sanctified and renewed as images of Christ. The Book of Romans teaches us that God’s ultimate goal is for us to be his Sons just as Christ is. That is, since God created us to be in the image of Christ, we are only able to do this if we also manifest the actions and thoughts of Christ. The Book of Romans tells us Christians are to live just as Christ did. This means that we should offer our bodies as a living sacrifice to God, and not merely conform to the actions of this world (Romans 12:1-2). Rather, we must aspire to be holy, and transformed by renewing our mind so that we will be able to clearly see what God truly wishes us to be. The Book of Romans reveals that God is a great power and a divine person (Romans 1:20). This is so clearly manifested that Paul says men will be held without excuse if they do not see the mighty power and divination of

How to Calculate the Broadcast Address Assignment - 1

How to Calculate the Broadcast Address - Assignment Example Now you have to right click on the adapter and go to properties option. The Networking tab would be opened, not please select Internet Protocol version 4, press properties button. Please enter the IP address in the respective textbox 12.2.201.2, due to class ‘A’ network, the subnet mask would automatically be filled as 255.0.0.0. Â  The given IP address 211.106.32.0 falls into the class C range and the subnet mask of the Class C range is 255.255.255.0. We need to subclass the subnet mask 255.255.255.224, its equivalent bitmask in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 (FF.FF.FF.E0). The next network address can be calculated as the first three parts 11111111.11111111.11111111 does not change; therefore the network address would be 211.106.32.32. Moreover, the broadcast address would be 211.106.32.63 (Answer), as the last IP in the subnet is ‘00111111’ equivalent to 63. It is calculated as the broadcast address = IP address | (! Subnet). In other words, you need the IP address or (operator) the inverted subnet (Pean, 2002). Â  The given IP address 131.34.0.0 belongs to class B (range of class B is 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 total 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks). Keeping in view the given IP address, the range of the given host IPs is from 131.34.0.1 to 131.34.15.254, this becomes total 4096 IP addresses that also include network and broadcast addresses. The three ranges can include from 131.34.16.0 to 131.34.31.255, the second range can be from 131.34.32.0 to 131.34.47.255, the third and the final range can be from 131.34.240.0 to 131.34.255.255. Â  The bitmask of the given subnet mask 255.255.255.192 is FF.FF.FF.C0 (192 = C0, where C=1100, and 0=0000) and the IP address 152.19.0.0 belongs to Class B.

Integration and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Integration and Communication - Essay Example unications, as a strategic function and a domain in the sphere of marketing has been evolving with a remarkable host of theoretical and practical applications. Its varied and dynamic functional applications and strategic directions have given it an additional dimension as a seminal marketing tool. Its strategic focus invariably places it on par with any other marketing concept of importance. IMC integrates all forms of communications within and without a business organization and facilitates a seamlessly designed pattern of communications to achieve the company’s marketing goals. This integration process involves horizontal integration, vertical integration, external integration, internal integration and data integration. For example horizontal integration takes place when the four concepts of the marketing mix are integrated with various corporate functions while vertically it occurs when hierarchically organized strata of marketing communications within the organization support corporate objectives at a higher level (Percy, 2008, p.11).When all these functional areas within the organization are seamlessly integrated with the customer through a strategic marketing campaign involving advertising and promotion, the picture of Integrated Marketing Communications is complete. What’s the role played by cost here? Marketing Communications has been a well known strategic function of the modern business organization and Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) has now almost effectively replaced the former with a marked strategic focus on what’s known as â€Å"a holistic or seamless integration strategy to achieve better results in marketing in particular and long term corporate goals in general†. The above mentioned elements of the IMC strategy inevitably presuppose an efficacious marketing campaign across different marketing parameters and media platforms. The customer is given the kind of information that he wants. Such a sustained effort in marketing

The movie, Secretary and masochism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The movie, Secretary and masochism - Essay Example The main heroine of the movie is Lee Holloway (Maggie Gyllenhaal), who is a weirdo woman. The plot shows us that Lee Holloway is a rather smart woman, who returns back to her hometown in Florida after a brief stay in a special mental hospital where she was treated from suicidal inclinations. In search of everything that surrounds Lee, we see that she takes a job as a secretary at a little local law firm. Some spectators can suppose that Lee is not only a masochist, but also a perverted woman, but it is not true because Lee Holloway is so closed and oppressed person that she just cannot throw out her inner pain otherwise than through the physical pain. She cannot accept any scandal or hysterics, but she begins torturing herself, when she has some problems. Being the secretary Lee falls in love with her boss, Mr. Grey (James Spader), and pain already appears as a manifestation of his love for her, but at the same time, the pain loses its value for Lee, she needs Edward Gray to inflict her pain. Analyzing the movie Secretary from the position of human sexuality and masochism we can understand that masochism, like sadism, goes beyond human sexuality, and being associated with a person shows a very complex and diverse sources of its development. Thus, this form of deviation very rarely becomes a subject of litigation. Sexual needs are usually met within a partner’s union for a psychological standpoint to implement manifested expectations. Various psychological observations show that unions between persons endowed with sadistic and masochistic traits are very strong and complementary. They usually do not seek help and advice, but they feel good together, mutually satisfying their needs. This film demonstrates us that both Lee’s and Edward’s sadistic and masochistic traits occur simultaneously. In this case, main characters have more complex combinations of individual features and

View of Wordsworth Poet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

View of Wordsworth Poet - Essay Example Apart from what is read and learned he derived his philosophy based on his own life experience. The time he had spent in France was rather painful and difficult. His sojourn in France from 1791 to late 1792 had far reaching effect on his mind and heart. He became an ardent admirer of the revolution and the political philosophy that it entailed. Wordsworth was already biased towards ideas of freedom under natural law, a social system that allowed all men freedom to build their lives on truth and brotherhood. But at Paris power has passed into the hands of extremists who called for deaths of all aristocrats and the reign of terror was unleashed .This seemed to completely upset all the great members of Giroudist partly. He was even in danger of his life. His faith in the Revolution and all that it meant suffered a severe setback and upset his belief in human nature. He coined his own understanding of the world and of human mind in his own terms, formulated his own philosophies which app eared in many of his poems that served as stupendous literary works in English literature. The meeting with a lady, Annette Vallon, at Orleans was a turning point in his life. She gave birth to a child ‘Caroline ‘. But later due to the war he was unable to meet them. The desertion of Annette tormented him with remorse and affected his character and haunted his poetry for years. This episode in his life appears in ‘The Prelude’. His meeting with Coleridge at Bristol paved the way to a new era in literature. Coleridge had read Wordswoth’s early poems and was deeply impressed by them. In return both Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy were stuck by the abilities displayed by the Coleridge. Having realized that the political reform and moral theory offered less improvement in the society, Wordswoth turned to nature. Nature that seemed to provide for man, to bless him with health and to keep him in contact with the essentials of Words worth’s great me ssage to his time were sown at this time. The Lyrical Ballard was the immediate outcome of this new association between Wordswoth and Coleridge. Its purpose was not merely to write in a manner different from neo-classical poets which would seem its purpose from the preface but also to present the meaning full experience of Nature which Wordswoth has now re-experienced in a manner which would convey its importance to all men. Wordswoth sought to replace with real and observed figures from the country side, the outworn mythology of Greece and Rome as the frame of reference for the poetry. Such humble and rustic men and women were also representatives of the great truths of life, the truth that man was happiest and the most free when he lived in communion with nature. Throughout the spring and summer of 1798 the philosophic framework for his concepts and ideas continued to develop under the stimulus of the wide ranging philosophical and theological knowledge of Coleridge. Wordsworth ow n personal experience and wisdom of the relationship between Man and Nature was supplemented and enriched by the new ideas of living and creating mind , that was the vital force operating in both Man and he Universe. This is the force that he addressed the spirit and wisdom of the universe in Book 1 of ‘The Prelude’. Later Coleridge identified Wordswoth’s introspective mind from the stories of his previous experiences of mystical and semi-mystical

Wildlife and Landscape Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Wildlife and Landscape Survey - Essay Example This plan has been made keeping in view the Moorlands of UK) Background Efficiently managing Moorland through limited burning and grazing can create a variety of natural habitats crucial for nature conservation. It also provides perfect nesting and feeding for a range of native birds. All of this comes along with the availability of perfect grazing grounds for farm animals and domestic livestock. Introduction Well maintained moorlands can serve multiple purposes. Many economic and environmental benefits can be drawn out of them. They can serve as water catchments, an important element in the prevention of floods and as recreational sites. Monitoring Moorlands will need commitment from the farmers that own those lands. It would be better to get them to sign a contract as this will help us in managing the moors according to our objectives and return they will get nicely maintained moorland that can serve for their grazing animals. Plan of Action Cutting and Burning A technique called r otational burning will be used wherever the cutting method won’t be helpful. A tactic to use when choosing which method to apply to the land is; low dwarf heath shrub cover will not be used for rotational burning. This includes the area intense in bracken. Heath (Dry) The areas including dry heath vegetation will be rotationally burnt in proportion to the area they cover measured in number of hectares. An estimate basis, an area of 30 hectares will be rotationally burnt for a period of 20 years. This ratio actually depends on the nature of the contract with the owner of the land. For areas that are home for birds of prey or have rare vegetation will need a different plan of action, especially regarding the rotatory burning. Generally such circumstances call for prolonged burning rotation but a final decision will be made after examining those rare plants and animals. Blanket Bog This is the layer of vegetation that covers the peat deeper than normal vegetation layer. When bur ning this portion, special attention and care is required as carelessness can damage the useful peat. Moreover, we need the peat to maintain surface vegetation for proper plant growth. It makes sense in understanding that in many areas blanket bog itself is not burnt at all as there is no need to do so or in some cases for conserving nature or for the management of a wider portion of land. While in some areas, where heather still covers the peat it is still desirable to burn the area for conservation purposes. In short wherever burning is necessary, it must be made sure that no part of sensitive vegetation is destroyed or a delicate piece of land is damaged. Heath (Wet) Just like the dry heath, care must be taken while burning the area covered by wet heath, to make sure that this process may not damage any sensitive vegetation or delicate cover on the land or the peat itself. Generally a rotational burning period of 20 years is feasible with a maximum area of 30 hectares with annual burning of 30 hectares in a year on average. This arrangement can be varied depending on the specific needs of the land. Burning Precautions Generally there are some precautions that need to be taken when burning land for Moorland management. 1. Burning process can only be carried out in areas of land where the heather cover is 50% or more and heather itself is 30cm/Ft. or more height wise. And all of this must be consistent with the burning process agreed upon in the contract. (To measure the Heather height, place the measuring stick down into the plant and not stretching out the plant. The height of heather will vary depending upon altitude and the growth speed of moors. 2. It will be decided beforehand that what amount (proportion) of land will be burnt in the course of

View of Wordsworth Poet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

View of Wordsworth Poet - Essay Example Apart from what is read and learned he derived his philosophy based on his own life experience. The time he had spent in France was rather painful and difficult. His sojourn in France from 1791 to late 1792 had far reaching effect on his mind and heart. He became an ardent admirer of the revolution and the political philosophy that it entailed. Wordsworth was already biased towards ideas of freedom under natural law, a social system that allowed all men freedom to build their lives on truth and brotherhood. But at Paris power has passed into the hands of extremists who called for deaths of all aristocrats and the reign of terror was unleashed .This seemed to completely upset all the great members of Giroudist partly. He was even in danger of his life. His faith in the Revolution and all that it meant suffered a severe setback and upset his belief in human nature. He coined his own understanding of the world and of human mind in his own terms, formulated his own philosophies which app eared in many of his poems that served as stupendous literary works in English literature. The meeting with a lady, Annette Vallon, at Orleans was a turning point in his life. She gave birth to a child ‘Caroline ‘. But later due to the war he was unable to meet them. The desertion of Annette tormented him with remorse and affected his character and haunted his poetry for years. This episode in his life appears in ‘The Prelude’. His meeting with Coleridge at Bristol paved the way to a new era in literature. Coleridge had read Wordswoth’s early poems and was deeply impressed by them. In return both Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy were stuck by the abilities displayed by the Coleridge. Having realized that the political reform and moral theory offered less improvement in the society, Wordswoth turned to nature. Nature that seemed to provide for man, to bless him with health and to keep him in contact with the essentials of Words worth’s great me ssage to his time were sown at this time. The Lyrical Ballard was the immediate outcome of this new association between Wordswoth and Coleridge. Its purpose was not merely to write in a manner different from neo-classical poets which would seem its purpose from the preface but also to present the meaning full experience of Nature which Wordswoth has now re-experienced in a manner which would convey its importance to all men. Wordswoth sought to replace with real and observed figures from the country side, the outworn mythology of Greece and Rome as the frame of reference for the poetry. Such humble and rustic men and women were also representatives of the great truths of life, the truth that man was happiest and the most free when he lived in communion with nature. Throughout the spring and summer of 1798 the philosophic framework for his concepts and ideas continued to develop under the stimulus of the wide ranging philosophical and theological knowledge of Coleridge. Wordsworth ow n personal experience and wisdom of the relationship between Man and Nature was supplemented and enriched by the new ideas of living and creating mind , that was the vital force operating in both Man and he Universe. This is the force that he addressed the spirit and wisdom of the universe in Book 1 of ‘The Prelude’. Later Coleridge identified Wordswoth’s introspective mind from the stories of his previous experiences of mystical and semi-mystical

Ethics in Public Administration Essay Example for Free

Ethics in Public Administration Essay The national bicentennial in 1976 marked two important birthdays for public administration. It was the ninetieth anniversary of the appearance of the first fully developed essay on what was considered a new or at least a separately identified field public administration. In that essay, the young political scientist Woodrow Wilson (1941) wrote the now famous words, administration lies outside the proper sphere of politics. Administrative questions are not political questions; although politics sets the tasks for administration, it should not be suffered to manipulate its offices. And it was exactly fifty years since the publication of Leonard White (1926) text, Introduction to the Study of Public Administration, the first in the field. Whites book was, for his time, an advanced and sophisticated attempt to marry the science of government and the science of administration. Whereas Wilson had argued that public administration is a field of business and should be separate from politics, White forty years later countered that public administration can be effective only if it constitutes an integration of the theory of government and the theory of administration. As fields or professions go, public administration is young. Its early impetus was very much connected with civil service reform, the city manager movement, the good government movement, and the professionalization of the administrative apparatus of government. It was in this era that principles of administration were developed and the first academic programs in the field were established at American universities. This was a heady era, during which the United States civil service was developed, an innovation adopted in many American states and municipalities. Formal systems of budgeting and purchasing were adopted, and other aspects of the science of management were applied to government affairs. Many of the early leaders in this reform movement also played out important political roles, most notably Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. Public administration was new, a response to a rapidly changing government. The second era in public administration could be said to have begun with the Depression and the New Deal, followed by World War II. This era was characterized by the remarkably rapid growth of the government, particularly at the national level, the development of major American social programs, and ultimately the development of a huge defense program. At this time it became apparent that a large and centralized government can accomplish heroic tasks. Patterns were being developed and attitudes framed for the conduct of American government and the practices of public administration for the coming twenty years. This era also produced most of the major American scholars in public administration who were to dominate the scene from the 1940s into the 1970s. The period that followed was characterized by rapid growth in the public service and by extensive suburbanization and urbanization. But it was also a period of great questioning of the purposes and premises of public administration. A broad variety of social programs and services were developed, a cold war machine was maintained, and the public service continued both to grow and to professionalize. It seemed as if such expansion could go on endlessly. But by the mid-1960s several crises were developing simultaneously. In many ways, these crises seemed in part to result from the excesses of an earlier time. In other ways, they seemed to be an expression of old and unanswered problems built into our society and our system of government. The urban crisis resulted from relentless suburbanization governmentally supported. The racial crisis is closely connected, resulting in part from the serious ghettoization of American minorities in the central sections of our great cities. As the central cities have deteriorated, so have their public services. We continue to have unacceptable levels of unemployment, especially among minorities. And our welfare system is badly overloaded. The rapid depletion of our fuel resources results in an energy crisis, which comes hard on the heels of the environmental crisis. And, of course, there is health care, transportation, and on and on. All of these crises have affected public administration. Three particular events or activities occurred between the mid-1960s and 1970s that indelibly marked the society and the government and, hence, public administration: the war in Vietnam, the urban riots and continued racial strife, and Watergate. These crises and events resulted in new government programs and changed ways of thinking about and practicing public administration. Frederick C. Mosher and John C. Honey studied the characteristics and composition of the public service in the mid-1960s. 3 Their basic finding was that most public servants feel little or no identity with the field of public administration. Few have ever had a course and fewer still hold a degree in the subject. Public administration at the time seemed to have a rather narrow definition of its purposes, centering primarily on budgeting, personnel, and organization and management problems. Most public servants, it was found, identify with some or another professional field, such as education, community planning, law, public health, or engineering. Even many of those who would be expected to identify with public administration are more particularly interested in some subset of the field, such as finance, personnel, policy analysis, and the like. There was very little policy emphasis in public administration very little discussion of defense policy, environmental policy, economic policy, urban policy. There was, at the time, much talk of public administration as everyones second profession. Education for public administration in the mid-1960s hardly sparkled. The early furor of the reformers had died. The American Society for Public Administration was beginning to struggle. By the late 1970s, public administration had changed, both in its practice and its teaching. There are many indicators: the Intergovernmental Personnel Act; Title IX of the Higher Education Act; the Federal Executive Institute and the Federal Executive Seminars; the remarkable growth and vigor of education for public service; the Presidents Management Intern Program; the Harry S. Truman Foundation; the size and quality of ASPA; the development of the Consortium on Education for the Public Service; several HUD grants to public administration-related activities; a much heavier policy emphasis; a renewed concern for ethics and morality in government service; and the continued professionalization of the public service coupled with refinement of management methods at all levels of government. To affix the label new to anything is risky business. The risk is doubled when newness is attributed to ideas, thoughts, concepts, paradigms, theories. Those who claim new thinking tend to regard previous thought as old or jejune or both. In response, the authors of previous thought are defensive and inclined to suggest that aside from having packaged earlier thinking in a new vocabulary there is little that is really new in so-called new thinking. Accept, therefore, this caveat: Parts of new public administration would be recognized by Plato, Hobbes, Machiavelli, Hamilton, and Jefferson as well as by many modern behavioral theorists. The newness is in the way the fabric is woven, not necessarily in the threads that are used. And the newness is in arguments as to the proper use of the fabric however threadbare. The threads of the public administration fabric are well known. Herbert Kaufman describes them simply as the pursuit of these basic values: representativeness, politically neutral competence, and executive leadership (Kaufman, 1969). In different times, one or the other of these values receives the greatest emphasis. Representativeness was preeminent in the Jacksonian era. The eventual reaction was the reform movement emphasizing neutral competence and executive leadership. Now we are witnessing a revolt against these values accompanied by a search for new modes of representativeness. Others have argued that changes in public administration resemble a zero-sum game between administrative efficiency and political responsiveness. Any increase in efficiency results a priori in a decrease in responsiveness. We are simply entering a period during which political responsiveness is to be purchased at a cost in administrative efficiency. Clearly, the most interesting developments in modern public administration are not empirical but are philosophical, normative, and speculative. In public administration, the phrase social equity has emerged as a shorthand way of referring to the concerns and opinions of those who are challenging contemporary theory and practice. As yet, the phrase social equity, however, has little substance or precision. The problem of equity is as old as government. Dwight Waldo (1972) points out that much governmental action in the United States has not been simply discriminatory but massively and harshly so. Much governmental action has also, however, been directed toward achieving equality; paradoxically, action to assure assimilation and uniformity also has sometimes been insensitive and coercive. â€Å"Equality, he concludes, is central to the understanding of much recent and contemporary public administration. It has been seriously suggested that social equity be a standard by which public administrators, both in the bureau and the academy, assess and evaluate their behavior and decisions. Social equity, then, would be a criterion for effectiveness in public administration in the same way that efficiency, economy, productivity, and other criteria are used. Whenever an ethic or standard for behavior is described, it is essential to provide an accompanying caveat. In the present case, the social equity point of view will need to be buffered by recognition first that there is a high ethical content in most significant public decisions; public problems do not succumb simply to factual analysis. This being the case, if the public servant is to be an interpreter of events and an influencer, if not a maker of decisions, what, then, should be included in the standards of ethical behavior that guide the public servant? Surely the standards of ethics and morality that are applicable and sufficient to a citizen in private or in social relationships are not adequate for the public decisions of an administrator. And it is now increasingly clear that the decision problems faced by these administrators are seldom black or white in relation to their ethical content and consequences. There often is really no one best way, but rather a decision should be made that maximizes such results as are attainable given the resources available and minimizes negative side effects. And finally, one must accept the proposition that politics and administrative organizations are themselves the best protectors of administrative morality provided that they are open, public, and participatory. Within this context, then, we pursue the development of a social equity ethic for public administration. Modern public administration cannot assume these conditions away. Certainly pluralistic governments (practicing majority rule, coupled with powerful minorities with special forms of access) systematically discriminate in favor of established, stable bureaucracies and their specialized clientele and against those minorities who lack political and economic resources. Thus widespread and deep inequity are perpetuated. The long-range continuation of widespread and deep inequities poses a threat to the continued existence of this or any political system. Continued deprivation amid plenty breeds hopelessness and her companions, anger and militancy. A public administration that fails to work for changes that try to address this deprivation will likely eventually be used to oppress the deprived. What new public administration is striving for, then, is equity. Blacks Law Dictionary (1957) defines equity in its broadest and most general signification: [Equity] denotes the spirit and the habit of fairness and justness and right dealing which would regulate the intercourse of men with men, the rule of doing to all others, as we desire them to do to us; or, as it is expressed by Justinian, to live honestly, to harm nobody, to render every man his due. It is therefore, the synonym of natural right or justice. But in this sense its obligation is ethical rather than jural, and its discussion belongs to the sphere of morals. It is grounded in the precepts of the conscience not in any sanction of positive law. Equity, then, is an issue that we will find to be a question of ethics. We will also find it to be a question of law. The foremost theorist presently supporting a concept of equity in government is John Rawls (1971). In his book A Theory of Justice, he sets out a splendid framework for a fundamental equity ethic. When speaking of our government institutions, Rawls states: For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Justice, then, is the basic principle and is dominant over other principles in Rawlss form of ethics. Rawls begins his theory with a definition of the individual or citizen and states: Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by the greater good shared by others. It does not allow that the sacrifices imposed on a few are outweighed by the larger sum of advantages enjoyed by many. Therefore, in a just society the liberties of equal citizenship are taken as settled; the rights secured by justice are not subject to political bargaining or to the calculus of social interest. In developing his theory, Rawls suggests an intellectual device or technique by which the principles of equity can be set forth. The first and most important intellectual technique is the notion of original position. The original position constitutes an agreement upon the most basic principles of justice upon which all of the basic structures of society (social, economic, and political) will be predicated. The principles of justice that emerge are both final and binding on all: Since the original agreement is final and made in perpetuity, there is no second chance. To make this theory operative, Rawls then proposes two principles of justice: The first principle is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all. The second principle is that social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both: (a) to the greatest benefit to the least advantaged, consistent with the just savings principle, and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality and opportunity. 11 These two principles, then, are to be a right of the same significance or order as the present rights as we understand them in government. Hart further states: According to Rawls, acceptance of the two principles of justice means that the collective efforts of society would be concentrated in behalf of its less advantaged members. This does not mean that all inequalities would disappear and all good will be equally distributed to achieve parity throughout the society. There would still be disparities in income and status. But there is an irreducible minimum of primary goods (such as self-respect, rights and liberties, power and opportunities, income and wealth) that are due every man, and the minimum must be met. 12 Rawls states that this is a strongly egalitarian conception in the sense that unless there is a distribution that makes both persons better off (limiting ourselves to the two-person case for simplicity), an equal distribution is to be preferred. 13 It is obvious that Rawls theory of justice is vastly different from other contemporary patterns of moral reasoning. Rawls does not argue it because it is good or right but rather because there is an increasing importance to the interdependence of persons that makes notions of advantages and disadvantages less and less acceptable. It is a pervasive sense of noblesse oblige or a sense of eternity among people. Rawls states that in justice as fairness men agree to share one anothers fate. In designing institutions they undertake to avail themselves of the accidents of nature and social circumstances only when doing so is for the common benefit. Because not all persons are genetically equal, the more advantaged have a moral duty to serve all others including the disadvantaged, not for altruistic reasons but because of the significance of human interdependence. As Hart (1974) says, One serves because justice requires it and the result is the continuous enhancement of self-respect. Just actions, then, not only create the optimal condition for human life, they also are a major element in the rationalization of self. Although all of this theory and definition is interesting, we live in a world of large and very complex organizations where the application of such concepts is difficult. This is also a world in which organizations tend to elevate their own needs over individual needs and goals. The problem is one of making complex organizations responsible to the needs of the individual. This requires rising above the rules and routines of organization to some concern for the self-respect and dignity of the individual citizen. Rawlss theory is designed to instruct those who administer organizations that the rights of individuals would be everywhere protected. Hart summarizes this approach to social equity with the following: (1) The theory of justice would provide social equity with an ethical content. Acceptance of the theory of justice would provide the equitable public administrator with clear, well-developed ethical guidelines which would give social equity the force that it now lacks. (2) The theory of justice could provide the necessary ethical consensus -that the equitable public administrator has both the duty and the obligation to deploy his efforts on behalf of the less advantaged. (3) The theory of justice would impose constraints upon all complex public organizations since no organization would be allowed to infringe upon the basic liberties of individuals. (4) The theory of justice would provide a means to resolve ethical impasses (the original position). (5) The theory of justice would provide a professional code for public administration that would require a commitment to social equity (Hart, 1974).

Content Based Image Retrieval System Project

Content Based Image Retrieval System Project An Efficient Content-based Image Retrieval System Integrating Wavelet-based Image Sub-blocks with Dominant Colors and Texture Analysis ABSTRACT Multimedia information retrieval is a part of computer science and it is used for extracting semantic information from multimedia data sources such as image, audio, video and text. Automatic image annotation is called as automatic image tagging or automatic linguistic indexing. It is the process in which a computer system automatically designates metadata in the form of keywords or captioning to a digital image. This application is widely used in image retrieval systems to locate and organize images from database. In this paper we have proposed efficient content based image retrieval (CBIR) systems due to the availability of large image database. The image retrieval system is used to retrieve the images based on color and texture features. Firstly, the image is partition into equal sized non-overlapping tiles. For partitioning images we are applying methods like, Gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), HSV color feature, dominant color descriptor (DCD), cumulative color histogram and discrete wavelet transform. An integrated matching scheme can be used to compare the query images and database images based on the Most Similar Highest Priority (MSHP). Using the sub-blocks of query image and the images in database, the adjacency matrix of a bipartite graph is formed. INTRODUCTION: Automatic image annotation is known as automatic image tagging or automatic linguistic indexing. It is the process in which a computer system automatically designates metadata in the form of keywords or captioning to a digital image. This application is widely used in image retrieval systems to locate and organize images from database. This method can be considered as multi class image classification with a large number of classes. The advantage of automatic image annotation is that the queries that can be specified by the user. Content based image retrieval requires users to search by images based on the color and texture and also is used to find example queries. The traditional methods of image retrieval are used to retrieve annotated images from large image database manually and which is an expensive, laborious and time consuming in existence. Animage retrieval system is a computer system for searching, browsing and retrieving images from a largecollectionofdigital images. Most common and traditional methods of image retrieval use some methods of adding metadata such as captioning or descriptions and keywords to the images so that the retrieval can be performed over the annotation words. Image searchis used to find images from database and a user will provide a query terms as image file/link, keywords or click on some image and the system will return images similar to that query image. The similarity matching is done by using the Meta tags, color distribution in images and region/shape attributes. Image Meta Search: searching the images based on associated metadata such as text, keywords. Content-Based Image Retrieval  (CBIR):- This is the main application of  computer vision  to retrieve the images from image database. The aim of CBIR is used to retrieve images based on the similarities in their contents such as color, texture and shape instead of textual descriptions and comparing a user-specified image features or user-supplied query image. CBIR Engine List: This is used to search images based on image visual contents as color, texture, and shape/object. Image Collection Exploration: It is used to find images using novel exploration paradigms. Content Based Image Retrieval: Content based image retrieval is known asquery by image content(QBIC) andcontent-based visual information retrieval(CBVIR) and it is the application ofcomputer vision techniques to retrieve the images from digital image database. This is the image retrieval problem of finding for images in large image database. Content-based image retrieval is to provide more accuracy as compared to traditionalconcept-based approaches. Content-based is the search that analyzes the contents of the image instead of metadata such as keywords, tags, or descriptions associated with that image. The term content in this context means textures, shapes, colors or any other information about image can be derived from the image itself. CBIR is popular because of its searches are purely dependent on metadata, annotation quality and completeness. If the images are annotated manually by entering the metadata or keywords in a large database can be a time consuming and sometime it cannot be capture the keywords preferred to describe its images. The CBIR method overcomes with the concept based image annotation or textual based image annotation. This is done by automatically. Content Based Image Retrieval Using Image Distance Measures:- In this the image distance measure method is used to compare the two images such as a query image and an image from database. An image distance measure method is used to compare the matching of two images in various dimensions as color, shape, texture and others. Finally these matching results can be sorted based of the distance to the queried image. Color This is used to compute image distance measures based on color similarity. This is achieved by computing the color histogramfor each image and that is used to identify the proportion of each pixel within an image which is holding a specific values. Finally examine the images based on the colors, which contains most widely used techniques and it can be completed without consider to image size or orientation. It is used to segment color by spatial relationship and by region among several color region. Texture Textures are represented as texels and are then located into a number of sets based on a lot of textures and are detected in the images. These sets are used to define texture and also detect where the textures are located in images. Texture measures are used to define visual patterns in images. By using texture such as a two- dimensional gray level variation is to identify specific textures in an image is achieved. Using texture, the relative intensity of pairs of pixels is estimated such as contrast, regularity, coarseness and directionality.Identifying co-pixel variation patterns and grouping them with particular classes of textures like silky, orrough. Different methods of classifying textures are:- Co-occurrence matrix. Laws texture energy. Wavelet transforms. LITERATURE SURVEY: In this paper a multscale context dependent classification algorithm is developed for segmenting collection of images into four classes. They are background, photograph, text, and graph. Here, features are used for categorization based on the distribution patterns of wavelet coefficients in high frequency bands. The important attribute of this algorithm is multscale nature and is used to classifies an image at different resolutions adaptively and enabling accurate classification at class boundaries. The collected context information is used for improving classification accuracy. In this two features are defined for distinguishing local image types in image database according to the distribution patterns of wavelet coefficients rather than the moments of wavelet coefficients as features for classification. The first feature is defined for matching between the empirical distribution of wavelet coefficients in high frequency bands and the Laplacian distribution. The second feature is de fined for measuring the wavelet coefficients in high frequency bands at a few discrete values. This algorithm was developed to calculate the feature efficiently. The multscale structure collects context information from low resolutions to high resolutions. Classification is done on large blocks at the starting resolution to avoid over-localization. Here, only the blocks with extreme features are classified to ensure that the blocks of mixed classes are left to be classified at higher resolutions and the unclassified blocks are divided into smaller blocks at the higher resolution. These smaller blocks are classified based on the context information achieved at the lower resolution. Finally simulations shows that the classification accuracy is significantly improved based on the context information. Multiscale algorithm is also provides both lower classification error rates and better visual results [1]. This paper proposed content based image retrieval technique that can be derived in a number of different domains as Medical Imaging, Data Mining, Weather forecasting, Education, Remote Sensing and Management of Earth Resources, Education. The content based image retrieval technique is used to annotate images automatically based on the features like color and texture known as WBCHIR (Wavelet Based Color Histogram Image Retrieval). Here, color and texture features are extracted using the color histogram and wavelet transformation and the mixture of these two features are strong to scaling and translation of objects in an image. In this, the proposed system i.e. CBIR has demonstrated a WANG image database containing 1000 general-purpose color images for a faster retrieval method. Here, the computational steps are effectively reduced based on the Wavelet transformation. The retrieval speed is increases by using the CBIR technique even though the time taken for retrieving images from 1000 of images in database is only a 5-6 minutes [2]. This paper presents content based image retrieval scheme for medical images. This is an efficient method of retrieving medical images based on the similarity of their visual contents. CBIR-MD system is used to facilitate doctors in retrieving related medical images from the image database to diagnose the disease efficiently. In this a CBIR system is proposed by which a query image is divided into identical sized sub-blocks and the feature extraction of each sub-block is conceded based on Haar wavelet and Fourier descriptor. Finally, matching the image process is provided using the Most Similar Highest Priority (MSHP) principle and by using the sub-blocks of query and target image, an adjacency matrix of bipartite graph partitioning (BGP) created [3]. In this paper a content based image retrieval (CBIR) system is proposed using the local and global color, texture, and shape features of selected image sub-blocks. These image sub-blocks are approximately identified by segmenting the image into small number of partitions of different patterns. Finding edge density and corner density in each image partition using edge thresholding, morphological dilation. The texture and color features of the identified regions are calculated using the histograms of the quantized HSV color space and Gray Level Co- occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and the combination of color and texture feature vector is evaluated for each region. The shape features are computed using the Edge Histogram Descriptor (EHD). The distance between the characteristics of the query image and target image is computed using the Euclidean distance measure. Finally the experimental results of this proposed method provides a improved retrieving result than retrieval using some of the exis ting methods [4]. An efficient content based image retrieval system plays an important role due to the availability of large image database. The Color-Texture and Dominant Color Based Image Retrieval System (CTDCIRS) is used to retrieve images based on the three features such as Dynamic Dominant Color (DDC), Motif Co-Occurrence Matrix (MCM) and Difference between Pixels of Scan Pattern (DBPSP). By using the fast color quantization algorithm, we can divide the image into eight partitions. From these eight partitions we obtained eight dominant colors. The texture of the image is obtained by using the MCM and DBPSP methods. MCM is derived based on the motif transformed image. It is related to color co-occurrence matrix (CCM) and it is the conventional pattern co-occurrence matrix and is used to calculate the possibility of the occurrence of same pixel color between each pixel and its nearby ones in each image, which is the attribute of the image. The drawback of MCM is used to capture the way of textures but not the difficulty of texture. To overcome this, we use DBPSP as texture feature. The combination of dominant color, MCM and DBPSP features are used in image retrieval system. This approach is efficient in retrieving the user interested images [5]. In this paper content based image retrieval approach is used. It consists of two features such as high level and low level features and these features includes color, texture and shape which are present in each image. By extracting these features we can retrieve the images from image database. To obtain better results, RGB space is converted into HSV space and YCbCr space is used for low level features. The low level features are to be used based upon the applications. Color feature in case of natural images and co-occurrence matrix in case of textured images yields better results [6]. OBJECTIVE: To retrieve images more efficiently or accurately. To improve the efficiency and accuracy by using the multi features for image retrieval (discrete wavelet transform). Image classification and accuracy analysis. Time saving. Robustness. METHODOLOGY: Discrete Wavelet Transform. Conversion to HSV Color Space. Color Histogram Generation. Dominant Color Descriptor. Gray-level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). ARCHITECTURE: This architecture consists of two phases: Training phase Testing phase These two phases of the proposed system consists of many blocks like image database, image partitioning, wavelet transform of image sub-blocks, RGB to HSV, non uniform quantization, histogram generation, dominant color description, textual analysis, query feature, similarity matching, feature database, returned images. In training phase, the input image is retrieved from image database and then the image is being partitioned into equal sized sub-blocks. Further, for each sub-block of the partitioned image, wavelet transform is being applied. Then the conversion from RGB to HSV taken place preceded with non uniform quantization, inputted to histogram generation block where a color histogram is generated for the sub-blocks of the image. Then the dominant color descriptors are extracted and texture analysis of each sub-block of the image is done. Finally the image features from the feature database and the input image features are compared for the similarity matching using MSHP principle. Then the matched image is being returned. In testing phase, the processing steps are same as training phase, except the input image is given as the query image by the user not collected from the image database. OUTCOMES: It provides accurate image retrieving. Comparative analysis and graph. Provides better efficiency. CONCLUSION: To retrieve images from image database, we can use discrete wavelet transform method based on color and texture features. The color feature of the pixels in an image can be described using HSV, color histogram and DCD methods, similarly texture distribution can be described using GLCM method. By using these methods we can achieve accurate retrieval of images. REFERENCES: [1] Jia Li, Member, IEEE, and Robert M. Gray, Fellow, IEEE, â€Å"Context-Based Multiscale Classification of Document Images Using Wavelet Coefficient Distributions†, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 2000. [2] Manimala Singha and K.Hemachandran, â€Å"Content Based Image Retrieval using Color and Texture†, Signal Image Processing: An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012. [3] Ashish Oberoi Deepak Sharma Manpreet Singh, â€Å"CBIR-MD/BGP: CBIR-MD System based on Bipartite Graph Partitioning†, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 52– No.15, August 2012. [4] E. R. Vimina and K. Poulose Jacob, â€Å"CBIR Using Local and Global Properties of Image Sub-blocks†, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 48, November, 2012. [5] M.Babu Rao Dr. B.Prabhakara Rao Dr. A.Govardhan, â€Å"CTDCIRS: Content based Image Retrieval System based on Dominant Color and Texture Features†, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 18– No.6, March 2011. [6] Gauri Deshpande, Megha Borse, â€Å"Image Retrieval with the use of Color and Texture Feature†, Gauri Deshpande et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 2 (3) , 2011, 1018-1021. [7] Sherin M. Youssef, Saleh Mesbah, Yasmine M. Mahmoud, â€Å"An Efficient Content-based Image Retrieval System Integrating Wavelet-based Image Sub-blocks with Dominant Colors and Texture Analysis†, Information Science and Digital Content Technology (ICIDT), 2012 8th International Conference on Volume:3 .